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Vector Calculus
Contents
9.10 Double Integrals
9.11 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates
9.12 Greens Theorem
9.13 Surface Integrals
9.14 Stokes Theorem
9.15 Triple Integrals
9.16 Divergence Theorem
9.17 Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals
Fig 9.71
Iterated Integral
For Type I:
b
g2 ( x )
a g ( x)
1
f ( x, y ) dy d x
b
a
h2 ( y )
c h ( y)
1
f ( x, y ) d x dy
d
c
g2 ( x )
g1 ( x )
h2 ( y )
h1 ( y )
f ( x, y ) dy d x
f ( x, y ) dx d y
(4)
(5)
THEOREM 9.12
g1 ( x )
h1 ( y )
(6)
(7)
Note:
Volume =
f ( x, y )dA
R
where z = f(x, y)
is the surface.
Example 1
x 3 y
e
dA over the region bounded by y = 1,
Evaluate R
y = 2, y = x, y = x + 5. See Fig 9.73.
Solution
The region is Type II
2 5 y x 3 y
x 3 y
e dA e dx dy
R
2 x 3 y 5 y
e
1
dy (e5 2 y e 4 y ) dy
1 5 2 y 1 4 y
e
e
4
2
2771.64
2
1
1 9 1 8 1 7 1 4
e e e e
2
4
2
4
Fig 9.73
Example 2
y2
xe
R
y2
dA
2 4
0x
y2
xe dy dx
Fig 9.75(a)
Fig 9.75(b)
Example 2 (2)
Trying Fig 9.75(b), it is of Type II
xe
R
y2
dA
0 0
4x
y2
xe dx dy
y
y2
e
2
dy
0
1 y
ye dy e
02
4
41
4
0
1 16
(e 1)
4
My
Mx
x
, y
m
m
where
M y x ( x, y ) dA, M x y ( x, y ) dA
(10)
(11)
are the moments. Besides, (x, y) is a variable density
function.
R
Example 3
A lamina has shape as the region in the first quadrant
that is bounded by the y= sin x, y = cos x between x = 0
and x = 4. Find the center of mass if (x, y) = y.
Solution
See Fig 9.76.
Example 3 (2)
m y dA
R
/4
0
y
2
2
/4
0
cos x
sin x
y dy dx
cos x
dx
sin x
1 /4
(cos 2 x sin 2 x) dx
2 0
1
2 0
/4
cos 2 x dx sin 2 x
4
/4
0
Example 3 (3)
M y xy dA
R
/4 1
0
xy
2
/4
0
cos x
sin x xy dy dx
cos x
dx
sin x
1 /4
x cos 2 x dx
2 0
1
1
x sin 2 x cos 2 x
8
4
/4
0
16
Example 3 (4)
M x y dA
2
/4
0
cos x
sin x
y 2 dy dx
1 /4
(cos3 x sin 3 x) dx
3 0
1 /4
[cos x(1 sin 2 x) sin x(1 cos 2 x)] dx
3 0
1
1 3
1 3
sin x sin x cos x cos x
3
3
3
/4
0
5 24
18
Example 3 (5)
Hence
M y ( 2) / 16
x
0.29
m
1/ 4
M x (5 2 4) / 18
y
0.68
m
1/ 4
Moments of Inertia
I x y 2 ( x, y ) dA
R
I y x 2 ( x, y ) dA
(12)
Example 4
Refer to Fig 9.77. Find Iy of the thin homogeneous disk
of mass m.
Fig 9.77
Example 4 (2)
Solution
Since it is homogeneous, the density is the constant
(x, y) = m/r2.
I y x 2
R
m
m r r 2 x2 2
dA 2 2 2 x dy dx
2
r
r r r x
2m r 2 2
2 x r x 2 dx
r r
2mr 2 / 2
2
2
sin
cos
d
/
2
Example 4 (3)
mr 2 / 2
2
sin 2 d
/
2
2
mr 2 / 2
1 2
(1 cos 4 ) d mr
4 / 2
4
Radius of Gyration
Defined by
In Example 4,
I
Rg
m
Rg I y /m (mr 2 /4)m r / 2
(13)
g 2 ( )
f (r , ) dA g ( )
R
f (r , )r dr d
f (r , ) dA
R
b h2 ( r )
a h (r )
1
f (r , )r d dr
Example 1
Refer to Fig 9.83. Find the center of mass where
r = 2 sin 2 in the first quadrant and is proportional
to the distance from the pole.
Fig 9.83
Example 1 (2)
Solution
We have: 0 /2, = kr, then
m k | r | dA k
R
/2 r
0
2 sin 2
/2
0
2 sin 2
(r )r dr d
8 /2 3
d k sin 2 d
3 0
8 /2
k (1 cos 2 2 ) sin 2 d
3 0
8 1
1 3
k cos 2 cos 2
3 2
6
/2
0
16
k
9
Example 1 (3)
Since x = r cos and M y k x | r | dA
R
then
My
/2
0
4k
4k
2 sin 2
/2
0
/2
0
64k
sin 4 2 cos d
16 sin 4 cos 4 cos d
/2
0
r cos dr d k
3
sin 4 cos5 d
/2 r
0
cos
2 sin 2
d
0
Example 1 (4)
64
/2
0
64k
/2
0
1 5
2 7
1 9
/ 2 2 sin 2 2
k0 0
r sin
51k / 315 32
xy
16k / 9
35
/2
0
512
k
315
512
dr d
k
315
Change of Variables
Sometimes we would like to change the rectangular
coordinates to polar coordinates for simplifying the
question. If 0 g1 ( ) r g 2 ( ), ,
and 0 2 then
g 2 ( )
f ( x, y) dA g ( )
Recall: x + y = r and
x2 y2 r
Example 2
Evaluate
0 x
8 x 2
1
2
5 x y
dy d x
Solution
From x y 8 x 2 , 0 x 2 the graph is shown in
Fig 9.84.
Using x2 + y2 = r2, then 1/(5 + x2 + y2 ) = 1/(5 + r2)
Fig 9.84
Example 2 (2)
Thus the integral becomes
2
0 x
8 x
1
2
dy dx
5 x y
/2
8
1
1 / 2 8 2r dr
r dr d
d
2
2
/4 0 5 r
2 /4 0 5 r
8
/2
1 /2
1
2
ln(5 r ) d (ln 13 ln 5) d
/4
0
2 /4
2
1
13
(ln 13 ln 15) ln
2
8
5
2 4
Example 3
Find the volume of the solid that is under
z 1 x 2 y 2 and above the region bounded by
x2 + y2 y = 0. See Fig 9.85.
Solution
Fig 9.85
Example 3 (2)
We find that
V 1 x 2 y 2 dA
R
2
and the equations become z 1 r
and r = sin .
Now
V 1 r dA 2
2
/2
sin
(1 r 2 )1/ 2 r dr d
2 /2
[1 (1 sin 2 )3 / 2 ] d
3 0
Example 3 (3)
2 /2
2 /2
2
3/ 2
[1 (cos ) ] d [1 cos3 ] d
3 0
3 0
2 /2
[1 (1 sin 2 ) cos ] d
3 0
2
1 3
sin sin
3
3
/2
0
4
0.60
3 9
Area
If f(r, ) = 1, then the area is
A dA
R
g 2 ( )
r dr d
g ( )
1
Fig 9.88(a)
Fig 9.88(b)
Fig 9.88(c)
i C P( x, y)dx Q( x, y )dy,
j c P( x, y)dx Q( x, y )dy,
i C F ( x, y)ds,
where i Cand j Crepresents in the positive and negative
directions, respectively.
THEOREM 9.13
Fig 9.89(a)
Fig 9.89(b)
Partial Proof
Using Fig 9.89(a), we have
b g 2 ( x ) P
P
dA
dy dx
a g1 ( x ) y
y
R
b
[ P ( x, g 2 ( x)) P ( x, g1 ( x))] dx
a
P ( x, g1 ( x)) dx P ( x, g 2 ( x)) dx
P ( x, y ) dx
C
Partial Proof
Similarly, from Fig 9.89(b),
d h2 ( y )Q
Q
x dA c h2 ( y ) x dx dy
R
d
[Q (h2 ( y ), y ) Q (h1 ( y ), y )] dy
c
Q(h2 ( y ), y ) dy Q(h1 ( y ), y ) dy
= i P( x, y )dx
C
Note:
If the curves are more complicated such as Fig 9.90,
we can still decompose R into a finite number of
subregions which we can deal with.
Fig 9.90
Example 1
2
2
(
x
y
) d x (2 y x) dy
Evaluate C
Example 1 (2)
Solution
If P(x, y) = x2 y2, Q(x, y) = 2y x, then
P / y 2 y and Q / x 1
Thus
2
2
(
x
y
) dx (2 y x) dy
(1 2 y ) dA
R
x2
x2
0x
(1 2 y ) dy dx
11
( y y ) 3 dx ( x x x x ) dx
0
0
x
420
1
Example 2
y3
Evaluate C ( x 3 y ) d x (2 x e ) dy
where C is the circle (x 1)2 + (y 5)2 = 4 shown in Fig
9.92.
5
Example 2 (2)
Solution
3
y
We have P(x, y) = x5 + 3y and Q( x, y ) 2 x e
then
P/y 3,
Q/x 2
Hence
C ( x
y3
3 y ) dx (2 x e ) dy (2 3) dA dA
R
C (x
y3
3 y ) dx ( 2 x e ) dy 4
Example 3
Find the work done by F = ( 16y + sin x2)i + (4ey +
3x2)j along C shown in Fig 9.93.
Example 3 (2)
Solution
We have W Fdr
C
W (6 x 16) dA
R
Example 3 (3)
W
3 / 4
/4
3 / 4
/4
3 / 4
/4
(2r 3 cos 8r 2 ) d
0
(2 cos 8) d 4
Example 4
The curve is shown in Fig 9.94. Greens Theorem is
no applicable to the integral
y
x
C x 2 y 2 dx x 2 y 2 dy
Fig 9.94
P dx Q dy
C
C2
(4)
Fig 9.95(a)
Fig 9.95(b)
The last result follows from that fact that the line
integrals on the crosscuts cancel each other.
Example 5
y
x
C x 2 y 2 d x x 2 y 2 dy
where C = C1 C2 is shown in Fig 9.96.
Evaluate
Solution
Because
P ( x, y )
y
x
, Q ( x, y ) 2
2
2
x y
x y2
P
y2 x2
Q
y 2 x2
2
,
2
2 2
y ( x y )
x ( x y 2 ) 2
Example 5 (2)
are continuous on the region bounded by C, then
y
x
C x 2 y 2 dx x 2 y 2 dy
y 2 x2
y 2 x2
2
2
dA 0
2 2
2 2
(x y )
R (x y )
Fig 9.96
C P dx Q dy C
1
C P dx Q dy C
1
P dx Q dy 0
P dx Q dy
Fig 9.97
Example 6
Evaluate the line integral in Example 4.
Solution
We find P = y / (x2 + y2) and Q = x / (x2 + y2) have
continuous first partial derivatives in the region
bounded by C and C. See Fig 9.98.
Fig 9.98
Example 6 (2)
Moreover,
P
y2 x2
Q
2
2 2
y ( x y )
x
we have
y
x
y
x
C x 2 y 2 dx x 2 y 2 dy C x 2 y 2 dx x 2 y 2 dy
Example 6 (3)
Using x = cos t, y = sin t, 0 t 2 , then
y
x
C x 2 y 2 dx x 2 y 2 dy
2
0
2
0
2
0
Surface Area
(2)
Example 1
Find the surface area of portion of x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 and is
above the xy-plane and within x2 + y2 = b2, where 0 < b
< a.
Solution
If we define z f ( x, y ), f ( x, y ) a 2 x 2 y 2
then
x
y
f x ( x, y )
, f y ( x, y )
2
2
2
a x y
a2 x2 y 2
2
Thus
a
2
2
1 [ f x ( x, y )] [ f y ( x, y )] 2
2
2
a
y
a
A( S ) 2
dA
2
2
a x y
R
where R is shown in Fig 9.103.
Fig 9.103
Example 1 (2)
Change to polar coordinates:
A( S ) a
a
2
0
2
0
(a 2 r 2 ) 1/ 2 r dr d
(a
2 1/ 2 b
r ) 0d
a(a a b )
2
2
0
2a (a a 2 b 2 )
DEFINITION 9.12
Surface Integral
G ( x, y, z ) dS lim
S
P 0
*
*
*
G
(
x
,
y
,
z
k k k )Sk
k 1
(4)
Method of Evaluation
G ( x, y, z ) dS
S
G ( x, y, f ( x, y )) 1 [ f x ( x, y )] [ f y ( x, y )] dA
2
(5)
Mass of a Surface
Let (x, y, z) be the density of a surface, then the
mass m of the surface is
m ( x, y, z ) dS
S
(8)
Example 2
Find the mass of the surface of z = 1 + x2 + y2 in the
first octant for 1 z 5 if the density at a point is
proportional to its distance from the xy-plane.
Solution
The projection graph is shown in Fig 9.104.
Now, since (x, y, z) = kz and z = 1 + x2 + y2, then
m kz dS
S
k (1 x y ) 1 4 x 4 y dA
2
Fig 9.104
Example 2
(2)
m k
k
k
/2
0
(1 r 2 ) 1 4r 2 r dr d
[r (1 4r 2 )1/ 2 r 3 (1 4r 2 )1/ 2 ] dr d
1
1 2
1
2 3/ 2
2 3/ 2
2 5/ 2
(
1
4
r
)
r
(
1
4
r
)
(
1
4
r
)
12
12
120
/2
2
3/ 2
5/ 2
k 5(17)
17
3
19.2k
2 12
120 40
2
0
Example 3
2
xz
dS , where S is the portion of
Evaluate S
y = 2x2 + 1 in the first octant bounded by x = 0, x = 2, z
= 4 and z = 8.
Solution
The projection graph on
the xz-plane is shown in
Fig 9.105.
Example 3
(2)
xz dS
2
2 8
0 4
2z
0
xz 2 1 16 x 2 dz dx
2
448 2
2 1/ 2
x 1 16 x dx
x(1 16 x ) dx
0
3
3
4
28
(1 16 x 2 )3 / 2
9
2
0
28 3 / 2
[65 1] 1627.3
9
Orientable Surface
A surface is said to be orientable or an oriented
surface if there exists a continuous unit normal vector
function n, where n(x, y, z) is called the orientation
of the surface.
Eg: S is defined by g(x, y, z) = 0, then
n = g / ||g||
(9)
g g
g
where g i j k is the gradient.
x
y
z
Fig. 9.106
Fig 9.107
Example 4
Consider x2 + y2 + z2 = a2, a > 0. If we define
g(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2 a2, then
g 2 xi 2 yj 2 zk , || g || 4 x 2 4 y 2 4 z 2 2a
Fig 9.108
Computing Flux
We have
flux (Fn) dS
S
(10)
Example 5
Let F(x, y, z) = zj + zk represent the flow of a liquid.
Find the flux of F through the surface S given by that
portion of the plane z = 6 3x 2y in the first octant
oriented upward.
Solution
Refer to the figure.
Example 5
(2)
i
j
k
|| g ||
14
14
14
1
Thus
flux (Fn) dS
3 z dS
14 S
S
With R the projection of the surface onto the xy-plane,
1
we have
flux
3(6 3 x 2 y )( 14 dA)
14 R
2 33 x / 2
0 0
(6 3 x 2 y ) dy dx 18
curl F F
x
P
y
0
k
Q P
k
z x y
0
(1)
THEOREM 9.14
Stokes Theorem
Example 1
Let S be the part of the cylinder z = 1 x2 for 0 x
1, 2 y 2. Verify Stokes theorem if F = xyi + yzj
+ xzk.
Fig 9.116
Example 1 (2)
Solution
See Fig 9.116.
Surface Integral: From F = xyi + yzj + xzk, we find
i
curl F
x
xy
y
yz
yi zj xk
z
xz
g
4x2 1
Example 1 (3)
2 xy x
Therefore (curl F n)dS
dS
2
4x 1
S
S
Using (5) of Sec 9.13 :
2 xy x
4 x 2 1 dS (2 xy x)dA
S
R
1 2
(2 xy x)dydx (4 x)dx 2
0 2
0
(7)
Example 1 (4)
Line Integral : we write
C
C1 C2
C3 C4
on C1 : x 1, z 0, dx 0, dz 0,
so
C y (0) y (0)dy 0 0
1
on C2 : y 2, z 1 x 2 , dy 0, dz 2 x,
so
11
(2 x 2 x 2 x )dx
15
2
Example 1 (5)
on C3 : x 0, z 1, dx 0, dz 0,
so
C 0 ydy 0 2
3
ydy 0
on C4 : y 2, z 1 x , dy 0, dz 2 x,
so
C 2 xdx 2(1 x
4
19
(2 x 2 x 2 x )dx
0
15
11
19
Hence xydx yzdy xzdz 0 0 2
C
15
15
which agrees with (7).
1
Example 2
Evaluate
Fig 9.117
Example 2 (2)
Solution
If F zi xj yk , then
curl F
x
z
y
x
i jk
z
y
Example 2 (3)
Thus if g(x, y, z) = y + z 2 = 0 defines the plane, then
the upper normal is
g
1
1
n
j
k
g
2
2
Hence from (2),
1
1
CF dr (i j k ) ( 2 j 2 k ) dS
S
2 dS 2 2dA 2
S
F ( x, y, z )dV lim
D
P 0
*
*
*
F
(
x
,
y
,
z
k k k )Vk
k 1
(1)
f2 ( x, y )
(2)
Fig 9.123
Applications
Volume :
If F ( x, y, z ) 1, then the volume of
the solid D is
V dV
D
Mass :
If ( x, y, z ) is density, then the mass
of the solid D is m ( x, y, z )dV
D
First Moment :
M xy z ( x, y, z )dV ,
D
M xz y ( x, y, z )dV , M yz x ( x, y, z )dV
D
Center of Mass :
The coordintaes of the center of mass are
M yz
M xy
M xz
x
,y
,z
m
m
m
Centroid :
If ( x, y, z ) is constant, the center of
mass is called the centroid.
Second Moment :
I x ( y 2 z 2 ) ( x, y, z )dV ,
D
I y ( x 2 z 2 ) ( x, y, z )dV
D
I z ( x 2 y 2 ) ( x, y, z )dV
D
Radius of Gyration :
If I is a moment of inertia of the solid about a given axis,
then the radius of gyration is
I
Rg
m
Example 1
Find the volume of the solid in the first octant
bounded by z = 1 y2, y = 2x and x = 3.
Fig 9.125(a)
Fig 9.125(b)
Example 1 (2)
Solution
Referring to Fig 9.125(a), the first integration with
respect to z is from 0 to 1 y2. From Fig 9.125(b), we
see that the projection of D in the xy-plane is a region of
Type II. Hence
1 3
V dV
D
1 y 2
0 y/2 0
1 3
dzdxdy
0 y/2
(1 y 2 )dxdy
3
1
1
1 3
15
2
( x yx )
dy 3 3 y y y dy
0
0
y/2
2
2
8
1
Example 2
Change the order of integration in
6 4 2 x / 3 3 x / 2 3 y / 4
F ( x, y, z )dzdydx
0 0
to dydxdz.
Fig 9.126(a)
Fig 9.126(b)
Example 2 (2)
Solution
As in Fig 9.126(a), the region D is the solid in the first
octant bounded by the three coordinates and the plane
2x + 3y + 4x = 12. Referring to Fig 9.126(b) and the
table, we have
6 4 2 x / 3 3 x / 23 y / 4
0 0
F ( x, y, z )dzdydx
3 62 z 4 2 x / 3 4 z / 3
0
0 0
F ( x, y, z )dydxdz
Example 2 (3)
Order
1st
2nd
x 3y
dzdydx 0 to 3
0 to 4 2 x / 3
2 4
2x 4z
dydxdz 0 to 4
0 to 6 2 z
3
3
3rd
0 to 6
0 to 3
Cylindrical Coordinates
Refer to Fig 9.127.
(3)
Example 1
Convert (8, /3, 7) in cylindrical coordinates to
rectangular coordinates.
Solution
From (3)
x 8cos( / 3) 4,
y 8sin( / 3) 4 3
z7
Also we have
y
r x y , tan , z z
x
2
(4)
Example 4
Convert ( 2, 2,1) in rectangular coordinates to
cylindrical coordinates.
Solution
2
2
2
2
r ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 4, tan
1, z 1
2
If we take r 2, together with the fact x 0, y 0,
we take 3 / 4.
Fig 9.128
F (r , , z )dV f ( r , ) F (r , , z ) dA
f 2 ( r , )
g 2 ( )
f 2 ( r , )
g ( ) f ( r , ) F ( x, y, z )rdzdrd
Fig 9.129
Example 5
A solid in the first octant has the shape determined by
the graph of the cone z = (x2 + y2) and the planes z = 1,
x = 0 and y = 0. Find the center of the mass if the
density is given by (r, , z) = r.
Solution
m rdV
0 r r (rdzdrd )
1
2 1 2
3
0 r z r drd 0 0 (r r )drd 24
2 1 2
2 1 1
Fig 9.130
Example 5 (2)
M xy zrdV
2 1 1
0 r
zr 2 dzdrd
1 2 1 2 4
r drd (r r )drd
0
0 2
2 0 0
30
r
Similarly, we have
2 1 z
21
M xz r sin dV
2
M yz r cosdV
2
1
0 r r sin dzdrd 20
2 1 1 3
1
0 r r cosdzdrd 20
2 1 1 3
Example 5 (3)
Hence
1 / 20
1 / 20
/ 30
x
0.38, y
0.38, z
0.8
/ 24
/ 24
/ 24
Spherical Coordinates
See Fig 9.131.
We have
From spherical coordinates ( , , )
to rectangular coordinates ( x, y, z ) :
x sin cos , y sin sin , z cos
From spherical coordinates ( , , )
to cylindrical coordinates (r , , z ) :
r sin , , z cos
(5)
(6)
Example 6
Convert (6, /4, /3) in spherical coordinates to
rectangular and cylindrical coordinates.
Solution
( , , ) (6, / 4, / 3)
3 2
3 6
x sin cos
, y sin sin
2
2
z cos 3 2
r sin 3 2, , z cos 3 2
3
Inverse Conversion
y
x y z , tan
x
z
cos
x2 y2 z 2
2
(7)
We have
F ( , , )dV
D
g 2 ( )
f 2 ( , )
g ( ) f ( , )
1
F ( , , ) 2 sin ddd
Example 7
Find the moment of inertia about the z-axis of the
homogeneous solid bounded between the spheres
x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 and x2 + y2 + z2 = a2, a < b
Fig 9.133
Example 7
(2)
Solution
If (, , ) = k is the density, then
x y sin , x y z
The equations of the spheres are a, b.
2
Then I z k
2 b
0 a
Example 7
k
2 b
0 a
0
(3)
4 sin 3 ddd
5 3 b
sin dd
5
a
5
2
k 5
5
2
(b a )
(1 cos ) sin dd
0
0
5
5
k 5
1 3
5 2
(b a ) cos cos d
0
5
3
0
4k 5
8k 5
5 2
(b a ) d
(b a 5 )
0
15
15
P Q
x y
R
P Q
dA x y dA
that is,
(1)
THEOREM 9.15
Divergence Theorem
(F gn)dS div F dV
S
(2)
Example 1
Let D be the region bounded by the hemisphere
2
x y ( z 1) 9,1 z 4, and
the plane z 1. Verify the divergence theorem if
F xi yj ( z 1)k.
Solution
The closed region is shown in Fig 9.140.
Fig 9.140
Example 1 (2)
Triple Integral:
Since F = xi + yj + zk, we see div F = 3. Hence
div F dV 3 dV dV 54
D
(10)
Surface Integral:
We write S = S1 + S2, where S1 is the hemisphere and
S2 is the plane z = 1.
If S1 is a level surfaces of g(x, y) = x2 + y2 + (z 1)2, then
a unit outer normal is
Example 1 (3)
g
xi yj ( z 1)k
x
y
z 1
n
2
i j
k
2
2
g
3 3
3
x y ( z 1)
2
x
y ( z 1)
Now F n
3
3 3
3
3
dA
and so F n ds (3)
2
2
9
S1
R
9
2 3
2 1 / 2
(
9
r
) rdrd 54
Example 1 (4)
On S 2 , n k so that F n z 1.
But since z 1, ( z 1)dS 0.
S2
Example 2
IF F = xyi + y2zj + z3k, evaluate S (F n)dS, where S is
the unit cube defined by 0 x 1, 0 y 1, 0 z 1.
Solution
We see div F = F = x + 2yz + 3z2. Then
S (F n)dS ( y 2 yz 3z
)dV
1 1 1
( y 2 yz 3 z
0 0 0
) dxdydz
Example 2 (2)
1 1
2
(
y
2
yz
3
z
)dydz
0 0
y
2
2 1
( y z 3 yz ) dz
0 2
0
1
1
z 1 2
2
3 1
( z 3 z )dz ( z z ) 2
0 2
2 2
0
1
Introduction
If f is continuous on [a, b], x = g(u) and
dx = g(u) du, then
b
a f ( x)dx c
f ( g (u )) g ' (u )du
(1)
a f ( x)dx c
f ( g (u )) J (u )du
(2)
Double Integrals
If we have
x= f(u, v), y = g(u, v)
(3)
we expect that a change of variables would take the
form F ( x, y )dA F ( f (u , v), g (u , v)) J (u , v )dA' (4)
Example 1
Find the image of the region S shown in Fig 9.146(a)
under the transformations x = u2 + v2, y = u2 v2.
Solution
Fig 9.146(a)
Fig 9.146(b)
Example 1 (2)
S1 : v 0, then
x u 2 v 2 u 2 , y u 2 v 2 u 2 , then y x
(u , v ) (1,0) to (2,0) ( x, y ) (1,1) to (4,4)
S 2 : u 2 v 2 4, then x 4
(u , v ) (2,0) to (
5
2,
3
2)
( x, y ) (4,4) to (4,1)
S3 : u 2 v 2 1, then y 4
(u , v ) (
5
2,
3
2)
x
u
y
u
x
v x y x y
y u v v u
v
(7)
(9)
( x, y ) v v
x y
( x, y ) (u , v)
and
1
(10)
(u , v) ( x, y )
Example 2
The Jacobian of the transformation
x = r cos , y = r sin
is
x x
( x, y ) r cos r sin
r
( r , ) y y sin r cos
r
THEOREM 9.6
Change of Variables in a
Double Integral
If F is continuous on R, then
( x, y )
F ( x, y ) d A F ( f (u, v), g (u, v)) (u, v) d A (11)
R
S
Example 3
Evaluate
Example 3 (2)
Solution
We start by letting u = x + 2y, v = x 2y.
S1 : y 0, then u x, v x or u v
( x, y ) (2 ,0) to (0,0) (u , v) (2 ,2 ) to (0,0)
S2 : x 0, then u 2 y, v 2 y or u v
( x, y ) (0,0) to (0, ) (u , v) (0,0) to (2 ,2 )
S3 : x 2 y 2 , then u 2
( x, y ) (0, ) to (2 ,0) (u , v) (2 ,2 ) to (2 ,2 )
See Fig 9.148(b).
Example 3 (3)
The Jacobian matrix is
x
( x, y ) u
(u , v) y
u
x 1 1
v 2 2 1
y 1
1
4
v 4
2
Example 3 (4)
Thus
1
sin( x 2 y ) cos( x 2 y )dA sin u cos v 4 dA'
R
S
u
1 2 u
1 2
sin u cos vdvdu sin u sin v du
4 0 u
4 0
u
1 2 2
1 2
Example 4
Evaluate
Fig 9.149(a)
Fig 9.149(b)
Example 4 (2)
Solution
The equations of the boundaries of R suggest
u = y/x2, v = xy
(12)
The four boundaries of the region R become u = 1, u =
4, v = 1, v = 5. See Fig 9.149(b).
The Jacobian matrix is
( x, y )
1
x2
1
(u , v ) ( x , y )
3y
3u
(u , v)
Example 4 (3)
Hence
1
1 4 5v
xydA v 3u dA' 3 1 1 u dvdu
R
S
4
41
1 4 v2 5
du 4 du 4 ln u 4 ln 4
1
1 u
3 2u 1
1
Triple Integrals
Let x = f(u, v, w), y = g(u, v, w), z = h(u, v, w)
be a one-to-one transformation T from a region E in
the uvw-space to a region in D in xyz-space. If F is
continuous in D, then
F ( x, y, z )dV
D
( x, y , z )
F ( f (u , v, w), g (u , v, w), h(u , v, w))
dV '
(ui, v, w)
E
x x x
u v w
( x, y, z ) y y y
where
(u , v, w) u v w
z z z
u v w
Please verify that if
x sin cos , y sin sin , z x cos
( x, y , z )
then
2 sin
(u , v, w)
(13)