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File-Folder Bridges as
an Introduction to
Engineering Design
to work with.
Can make tubes, bars, and gussett
plates that look and act like bridge
structures.
Behavior is predictable and
compares surprisingly well to steel.
Members are stronger than joints,
like in real bridges.
What is a Truss?
Component Parts
Top Chord
Diagonal
End Post
Hip Vertical
Deck
Support (Abutment)
Vertical
Bottom Chord
Standard Truss
Configurations
Pratt
Parker
K-Truss
Howe
Camelback
Warren
Fink
Bowstring
Baltimore
Waddell A Truss
Pennsylvania
Lattice
Overall Plan
Activity 1
Activity
Activity 2
Types of Structural
Members
Solid Rod
Solid Bar
Hollow Tube
-Shape
These
These shapes
shapes are
are called
called
cross-sections.
cross-sections.
Testing Compressive
The
test setup.
Strength
Testing Compressive
A compression
specimen at failure.
Strength
50.0
40.0
Trend Line
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0
Self-weight
Self-weight of
of structure,
structure, weight
weight of
of
vehicles,
vehicles, pedestrians,
pedestrians, snow,
snow, wind,
wind, etc.
etc.
Reaction
Activity 3: Analyze
Evaluate
a
Truss
Mayand
not do, but will at least discuss.
Determine
internal forces of
compression and tension in the
members of a bridge.
Evaluate the safety of a bridge by
comparing these forces to the strength
of materials we found in Activity 2.
The software will do this analysis for us
when we design our own bridges.
Equilibrium
Newtons First Law:
An object at rest will remain at rest,
provided it is not acted upon by an
unbalanced force.
A Load...
...and Reactions
Tension and
Compression
EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL FORCES
FORCES and
and INTERNAL
INTERNAL FORCES
FORCES
Must
Must be
be in
in equilibrium
equilibrium with
with each
each other.
other.
Tension and
An unloaded
member experiences no deformation
Compression
Tension causes a member to get longer
Activity 4: Design a
truss bridge with a
computer
Use West Point Bridge Designer Software.
Structural Evaluation
Our
We
Is
Strength
Calculate
Factor ofthe
Safety
of Safety:
Factor
Internal Force
Structural Design
Design Requirements:
Reactions
Grading
Output
Grade
5% (team)
Activity 2:
Test members
Component
Memo
25%
(individual)
Activity 4:
Design bridge.
Pugh
evaluation
Graded with
final output.
Activity 5:
Build and test.
Bridge
10%
Web document 30% (team)
Participation
10% team
10% individ.
Reflection
10%
(individ.)
Summary
File-folder bridges:
Free!