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,

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95% 99%.

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.



n (. ).

n



(.. )
,


- "

".

.
2

var(x)

n

N

n


var(x)
n N 1
n



.


,
.
() = var() = 2.
n
: 1, 2, 3, , n
x


.
x
x
( ) = ar( ) =
2/n.


:

x
,


.

.


.
x
A ,

: Z x
./ n





2/n.



(> 30).

,
5 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
:
= (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) : 5 = 3
:
2 (i - )2

(13)2 (2 3)2 (33)2 (43)2 (53)2 2


5


n=2,
25
(52 = 25) .

1 2 3
1,1
1
2,1
1,5
3,1
2
1,2
1,5
2,2
2
3,2
2,5
1,3
2
2,3
2,5
3,3
3
1,4
2,5
2,4
3
3,4
3,5
1,5
3
2,5
3,5
3,5
4
x
3 4
fi
fi*xi
i
4,1
2,5
5,1
3
4,2
4,3
4,4
4,5

3
3,5
4
4,5

5,2
5,3
5,4
5,5

3,5
4
4,5
5

fi
x

x
75 3
fi 25

1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5

1
2
3
4
5
4
3
2
1
25

1
3
6
10
15
14
12
9
5
75

1 2 3
1,1
1
2,1
1,5
3,1
2
1,2
1,5
2,2
2
3,2
2,5
1,3
2
2,3
2,5
3,3
3
1,4
2,5
2,4
3
3,4
3,5
1,5
3
2,5
3,5
3,5
4
x
3 4
fi
fi*xi
i
4,1
2,5
5,1
3
4,2
4,3
4,4
4,5

3
3,5
4
4,5

5,2
5,3
5,4
5,5

2 2

n 1
2
2

3,5
4
4,5
5

1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5

1
2
3
4
5
4
3
2
1
25

1
3
6
10
15
14
12
9
5
75

2 2

n 1
2
2

8.2.2 8.2.4



,
1 2
1 2

n1, n2,

1 , 2
, 1 - 2

.



1 - 2
,


1 - 2 :
1.
(n1 , n2 > 30),
1 - 2
" "
n1 n2



2. 1 - 2
1 - 2
.

3.

:
) 12 22
, :

21 2

12 22

n1 n2

) 12 22
,
S12 S22 ,
2
2
S1 S 2
:
2
S 1 2

n1 n2

.



2
2

(n 1) S (n 1) S

S
2

n1 n2 2

2
1 2

S2
n1

S2
n2


.


;
,

.

E x


,

.
,
,



.
.. n = 100 2 = 400,
,


20
n 100 2



.

,
95 %
(- 1,96,
+1,96) .
95 %
+- 1,96
.
+- 1,96
95 %

n 2
n 2

n 2
n 2


n>
30 2 .

n=35

217 .

47

95 %

=0,05
/2=0,025 0,5-0,025=0,475

/2=1,96

n 2
n 2
47
47
217
1,96 217
1,96
35
35

209,1 224,9

1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

0.05

0.06

0.07

.4599

.4608

.4616

.4678

.4686

.4693

.4744

.4750

.4756

.4798

.4803

.4808


n>
30 2

50
32

6.
90 %

95 %

99 %

=0,10
/2=0,05 0,5-/2=0,5-0,05=0,45
S
S
/2=1,645

n 2
n 2

32

6
1,645 32
50

6
1,645
50

30,6 33,4

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

.4370

.4382

.4394

.4406

.4484

.4495

.4505

.4515

.4582

.4591

.4599

.4608

.4664

.4671

.4678

.4686

.4732

.4738

.4744

.4750

=0,05
/2=0,025 0,5-0,025=0,475
S
S
/2=1,96

n 2
n 2

32

6
1,96 32
50

6
1,96
50

30,34 33,66

1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

0.05

0.06

0.07

.4599

.4608

.4616

.4678

.4686

.4693

.4744

.4750

.4756

.4798

.4803

.4808



n< 30 2


,
n =16

60 .
4 .


98 %
.

n=16 =0,02
/2=2,33

60

/2=0,01 0,5-0,01=0,49

4
2,33 60
16

4
2,33
16

57,67 62,33

2.2
2.3
2.4

0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05


.4868

.4871

.4875

.4878

.4898

.4901

.4904

.4906

.4922

.4925

.4927

.4929




100,
25

100.


95 %

=0,05
/2=0,025 0,5-0,025=0,475

/2=1,96

n 2
n 2

10
10
100
1,96 100
1,96
25
25
96,08 103,92

1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

0.05

0.06

0.07

.4599

.4608

.4616

.4678

.4686

.4693

.4744

.4750

.4756

.4798

.4803

.4808

n<30 ,
t
n-1 .


.
n<30 ,




n< 30 2 .



, 18
.

80
10 .
90 % 95 %

,

.

=0,10 =>/2=0,05 tn-1=t18-1=t17


S
S
t17-0,05=1,740

t
t
n 2
n 2

10
10
80
1,740 80
1,740
18
18
t

15
16
17
18
19
20

0.1
1,341
1,337
1,333
1,330
1,328
1,325

0.05
1,753
1,746
1,740
1,734
1,729
1,725

0.03
2,131
2,120
2,110
2,101
2,093
2,086

0.01
2,602
2,583
2,567
2,552
2,539
2,528

0.01 0.0005
2,947
4,073
2,921
4.015
2,898
3,965
2,878
3,922
2,861
3.883
2,845
3,850

=0,05 =>/2=0,05/2=0,025 tn-1=t18-1=t17

t17=2,110

t
t
n 2
n 2

10
10
80
2,110 80
2,110
18
18
t

15
16
17
18
19
20

0.1
1,341
1,337
1,333
1,330
1,328
1,325

0.05 0.025
1,753
2,131
1,746
2,120
1,740
2,110
1,734
2,101
1,729
2,093
1,725
2,086

0.01
2,602
2,583
2,567
2,552
2,539
2,528

0.01 0.0005
2,947 4,073
2,921 4.015
2,898 3,965
2,878 3,922
2,861 3.883
2,845 3,850



n1, n2 >30


1 2
( ) 1 - :

(X1 X 2 ) 1 2 (X1 X 2 )
1

2
1 2

n1 n2
2
1

2
2

n1=150 x1 1400
n2=200 x 2 1200 .

1=120 2=80
95 %
.

=0,05 /2=0,025 => 0,5-0,025=0,475

2
1 2

1
2
n1
n2
n1
n2
2
1

2
2

2
1

2
2

120 2
150

/2=1,96

80 2
200

11,31

(X1 X 2 ) 1 2 (X1 X 2 )
1

(1400 1200) 11,31*1,96 1 2 (1400 1200) 11,31*1,96

177,83 1 2 222,17

1 2
177,83



n1, n2>30


1 2
( ) 1 - :

(X1 X 2 ) S 1 2 (X1 X 2 ) S
1

2
1 2

2
1

2
2

S
S

n1 n2

.
100
.

1020
90 ,
980
100 .
90 %

2 .
2
2
2
90
100
S1 S 2
S /2=0,05

=> 0,5-/2=0,5-0,05=0,45

13,45 /2=1,645
=0,10
1

n1

n2

100

100

(X1 X 2 ) S 1 2 (X1 X 2 ) S
1

(1020 980) 13,45 *1,645 1 2 (1020 980) 13,45 *1,645


n1<30 /
n2<30

()

2
2

2
1 2

1
2 1

( )
n1 n2
n1 n2

(n1 1) S (n2 1) S
S
n1 n2 2
2

2
1

2
2


2
2
S
S

S 21 2

n1 n2

2
2

(n1 1) S1 (n2 1) S 2
S
n1 n2 2
2

2
1 2

S2
n1

( X1 X 2 ) S

S2
n2

S 1 2

1
1
S (
)
n1 n2
2

t 1 2 (X1 X 2 ) S

1 2
2

1 2

t
2


9
2
0
2
x

1
0x
1

90 %

1
2 .
2
2

(n 1) S (n 1) S
n 1 = 12

S 1=150

S 1 2

n 2 = 10

S 2=120

S
2

S2

n1 n2 2

(11)(150) 2 (9)(120) 2
12 10 2

188,55

1
1
1
1
S (
) 188,55( ) 58,79
n1 n2
12 10

( X1 X 2 ) S

t 1 2 (X1 X 2 ) S

1 2
2

1 2

t
2


9
2
0
2
x

1
0x
1

90 %

1
2

.
n 1 = 12
n2 = 10

=0,10 =>/2=0,05

=1,725
Stn1+n1-2=t2058
,79
S 1=150

15
19
20

S2=120

0.1
1,341
1,328
1,325

( X1 X 2 ) S

1 2

0.05
1,753
1,729
1,725

0.025
2,131
2,093
2,086

0.01
2,602
2,539
2,528

0.01 0.0005
2,947
4,073
2,861
3.883
2,845
3,850

t 1 2 (X1 X 2 ) S

1 2
2

1 2

t
2

(1000 920) 58,79 *1,725 1 2 (1000 920) 58,79 *1,725

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