Wireless Communication

Introduction to telecommunication
systems and networks
Invention of telephone by Bell in 1876 was the first
manually switched wireline network.
Radio or wireless was invented during 20th century
which had the convenience of mobile operation to
electronic communication.
Advances in IC technology gave the cordless
telephones during late 1970s
In 1983 the public had the opportunity to subscribe
for cellular telephone systems.
These wireless systems gave access to public
switched telephone network which had mobile
access.

History and Evolution of Wireless

Radio Systems
1887:Heinrich Hertz proved the
existence of EM waves.
1895 to 1901: Marconi experimented
with a wireless telegraph system.

Early AM wireless systems

The early wireless transmitter consists of
inductance and capacitance which is used to
tune the output frequency of the spark gap.
Max power is generated at lower freq and
longer wavelength.
The transmitter emits the signal either long
or short duration depending on length of
time telegraph key is closed.
The transmitter signal is the EM noise
produced by the spark gap discharge.

Modern AM
Amplitude modulation is used for low
frequency radio broadcasting the AM
include quadrature amplitude
modulation which is used for high
speed data transmission at RF
frequencies.

Different generations of wireless

cellular networks

1G Cellular Systems
AMPS system components and layout
Radio base stations
Communications links
Mobile switching office
2G Cellular Systems
Second-generation (2G) digital cellular systems
constitute the majority of cellular
communication infrastructures deployed today. 2G
systems such as GSM, whose rollout
started in 1987

 3G Cellular Systems
The goal was to improve the data
capability and speed.
3G phones were defined by the Third
Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP) and later standardized by the
ITU-T.
4G Cellular Systems:
Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTEA).

1G cellular systems
AMPS:Advanced mobile phone system
Rely on analog frequency modulation for
speech and data transmission and in-band
signaling to move control information
between terminals and the rest of the
network during the call.
AMPS is based on FM radio transmission
using the FDMA principle where every user
is assigned their own frequency to separate
user channels within the assigned spectrum.

Information over channel

AMPS forward and reverse control

and voice channels

AMPS mobile phone

initialization

AMPS mobile originated call

AMPS mobile terminated

call

AMPS network operations for a

mobile originated call

AMPS handoff operation

2G cellular system
Used digital modulation techniques to transmit
digital encoding of voice messages.
Popular forms of multiplexing used are TDMA
and CDMA
Major geographical regions adopted different 2G
systems, namely TDMA and CDMA in North
America, GSM in Europe, and Personal Digital
Cellular (PDC) in Japan.
Digital encryption can be employed which
provides both security and privacy for the
mobile network subscriber.

General characteristics of 2G
systems
Ability of 2G cellular systems to support more
than one user per radio channel through the use
of advanced digital multiplexing techniques.
TDMA: resources are shared in time, combined
with frequency-division multiplexing .
CDMA: Uses spread spectrum digital modulation
techniques.
Both control information and traffic share the
same radio channels.
GSM:Uses TDMA to allow up to 8 users per
channel.

2.5 G systems
Increased data transfer rate
CDPD- Cellular digital packet data; Originally
designed to provide mobile packet data services
as an overlay system for legacy AMPS cellular
system.
HSCSD- High speed circuit switched data:First
planned enhancement for increasing circuit
switched data rates on GSM networks.
GPRS- General packet radio services : To provide
packet switched data services that allows full
mobility and wide area coverage on GSM networks.

3G cellular system
Represents number cellular systems and their
associated standards that have the ability to
support high data services, advanced
multimedia services and global roaming.
3G characteristics:
Need to be able to provide high speed data
transfer from packet networks and permit global
roaming.
Need to support advanced digital services and
be able to work in different operating
environment.

 3G systems must be able to support varying

data rates by providing bandwidth on
demand to subscriber.
End terminals must support multiple
technologies and frequency bands and have
the ability to be reprogrammed by their
home cellular system.
3G system must be able to support multiple
simultaneous connections, IP addressing and
be backward compatible with 2G netwoks.

3G operating environments

4G cellular system
The goal is the convergence of
wireless mobile with wireless access
communication technologies.
Termed as Long Term EvolutionAdvanced.
It is an improved and enhanced
version of LTE that uses wider
bandwidth channels and greater
number of MIMO channels.
Upper data rate is 1Gb/s