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psychology
fourth edition
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White
2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
What are the nervous system, neurons, and nerves, and how do they relate to
one another?
How do neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with
the body?
How do the brain and spinal cord interact, and what are some misconceptions
about the brain, and what is neuroplasticity?
How do the somatic and autonomic nervous systems allow people and animals to
interact with their surroundings and control the bodys automatic functions?
How do the hormones released by glands interact with the nervous system and
affect behavior?
How do psychologists study the brain and how it works?
What are the different structures of the hindbrain and what do they do?
What are the structures of the brain that control emotion, learning, memory, and
motivation?
What parts of the cortex control the different senses and the movement of the
body?
What parts of the cortex are responsible for higher forms of thought, such as
language?
How does the left side of the brain differ from the right side?
What are some potential causes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
AP Learning Objectives
IV. Biological Bases
Identify basic processes and systems in the biological bases of
behavior, including parts of the neuron and the process of transmission
of a signal between neurons.
Discuss the influence of drugs on neurotransmitters.
Describe the nervous system and its subdivisions and functions.
Discuss the role of neuroplasticity in traumatic brain injury.
Discuss the effect of the endocrine system on behavior.
Recount historic and contemporary research strategies and
technologies that support research.
Identify key contributors.
Discuss psychologys abiding interest in how heredity, environment and
evolution work together to shape behavior.
Nervous system
an extensive network of specialized cells that
carry information to and from all parts of the
body
Neuroscience
deals with the structure and function of
neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue
relationship to behavior and learning
Soma = body
Somatic nervous system: division of the
PNS consisting of nerves that carry
information from the senses to the CNS
and from the CNS to the voluntary
muscles of the body
sensory pathway: nerves coming from the
sensory organs to the CNS consisting of
sensory neurons
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White
2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Neuron
the basic cell that makes up the nervous
system and receives and sends messages
within that system
Parts of a neuron
dendrites: branch-like structures that receive
messages from other neurons
soma: the cell body of the neuron, responsible
for maintaining the life of the cell
Receptor sites- specific locations off dendrites
that receive incoming neurotransmitter chemicals
axon: long, tube-like structure that carries the
neural message to other cells
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White
2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Parts of a neuron
Terminals- branching structures at the ends of
axons that have bulbs at the tips
Bulbs- at the tips of axon terminals & have sacs,
AKA vesicles
Sacs/vesicles- a container, like a pouch, that
manufactures & releases neurotransmitter
chemical
2. Permeability state
Permeable membrane
Soma end
Ion-mixing
3. Action Potential
All-or-none: a neuron either fires completely
or does not fire at all
4. Refractory Period
-sodium, potassium pump action (leave
neuron after action potential)
-impermeable membrane returning
Return to resting potential
Neurons only fire impulse when a stimuli is
strong or frequent
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White
2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Neuron Communication
LO 2.2 How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate
Neuron Communication
LO 2.2 How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate
Neuron Communication
LO 2.2 How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate
Neuron Communication
LO 2.2 How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate
Quiz
Review your Neuron Diagram
Bonus- the direction of a neural impulse
Neuron Communication
LO 2.2 How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate
Neuron Communication
LO 2.2 How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate
Figure 2.8 Functions of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions of the Nervous System
The Brain!
3-2-1 Bridge
3- Write down 3 words or phrases that you
think of when you think of the brain.
2- Write down 2 questions you have about
the brain.
1 Create an analogy, metaphor, or simile for
the brain.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White
2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
8
11
6
4
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White
2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Hindbrain
LO 2.7 Structures and Functions of the Hindbrain
The Hindbrain
medulla: first large swelling at the top of the
spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the
brain
responsible for life-sustaining functions such as
breathing, swallowing, and heart rate
The Hindbrain
LO 2.7 Structures and Functions of the Hindbrain
Midbrain
reticular formation/body (RF): area of neurons
running through the middle of the medulla and
the pons and slightly beyond
responsible for selective attention
startle center
When damaged it can lead to coma
Cortex
LO 2.9 Parts of Cortex Controlling Senses and Movement
Cerebral Hemispheres
LO 2.9 Parts of Cortex Controlling Senses and Movement
Parietal lobes
sections of the brain located at the top and
back of each cerebral hemisphere containing
the centers for touch, taste, and temperature
sensations
somatosensory cortex: area of neurons
running down the front of the parietal lobes
responsible for processing information from the
skin and internal body receptors for touch,
temperature, body position, and possibly taste
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White
2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Brocas Aphasia
Wernickes Aphasia
Split-Brain Research
LO 2.11 Differences between the Left and Right Sides of the Brain
Split-Brain Research
LO 2.11 Differences between the Left and Right Sides of the Brain
Split-Brain Research
Prominent psychologists- Mike
Gazzaniga & Roger Sperry
study of patients with severed corpus
callosum
involves sending messages to only one
side of the brain
demonstrates right and left brain
specialization
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZM
LzP1VCANo
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White
2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Think-Pair-Share
In the following actions, think about what parts of the body
and brain are needed to elicit a response. Identify the
structures and what role they would play:
A- punting a football
B- hearing your stepdad call home from playing outside
C- a cat arching its back and hissing at a potential predator
D- learning a new set of geometry theorems
Clinical Studies
Broca 1861
lesioning: insertion of a thin, insulated wire
into the brain through which an electrical
current is sent that destroys the brain cells at
the tip of the wire
electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB):
milder electrical current that causes neurons
to react as if they had received a message
human brain damage
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White
2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Clinical Studies
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS),
magnetic pulses are applied to the cortex
using special copper wire coils that are
positioned over the head
repetitive TMS (rTMS)
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
Mapping Structure
LO 2.6 Study of the Brain and How It Works
Mapping Structure
LO 2.6 Study of the Brain and How It Works
Mapping Function
electroencephalogram (EEG): records electric
activity of the brain below specific areas of the
skull
magnetoencephalography (MEG)
positron emission tomography (PET):
radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into the
subject and a computer compiles a colorcoded image of brain activity of the brain;
lighter colors indicate more activity
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White
2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mapping Structure
LO 2.6 Study of the Brain and How It Works
Modern Ways
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
LO 2.12 Some Potential Causes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
AP: How Heredity, Environment, and Evolution Shape Behavior
AP Psych
15 Minutes to Study and Complete
yesterdays worksheet
Take out your play-do!
Endocrine System
On your map of the body, label the
following parts of the Endocrine System
Activity
Brain Damage
FRQ