Discrete-Time Signal

Description

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EditedbyDr.RobertAkl
 Sampling and Discrete Time
Sampling is the acquisition of the values of a continuous-time signal

at discrete points in time. x t is a continuous-time signal, x n is a
discrete-time signal.

x n x nTs where Ts is the time between samples

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Sampling and Discrete Time

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 Sinusoids
The general form of a periodic sinusoid with fundamental
period N0 is g n Acos 2 F0 n or Acos 0 n
Unlike a continuous-time sinusoid, a discrete-time sinusoid is
not necessarily periodic. If a sinusoid has the form
g n Acos 2 F0 n then F0 must be a ratio of integers
(a rational number) for g n to be periodic. If F0 is rational in
the form q/ N0 and all common factors in q and N0
have been cancelled, then the fundamental period of the sinusoid is
N0 , not N0 / q (unless q 1).

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 Sinusoids
Periodic Periodic

Periodic Aperiodic

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 Sinusoids
An Aperiodic Sinusoid

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 Sinusoids
Two sinusoids whose analytical expressions look different,
g1 n Acos 2 F01n and g 2 n Acos 2 F02 n
may actually be the same. If
F02 F01 m, where m is an integer
then (because n is discrete time and therefore an integer),
Acos 2 F01n Acos 2 F02 n
(Example on next slide)

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 Sinusoids

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 Sinusoids

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 Exponentials

Real Complex

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 The Unit Impulse Function

1 , n 0
n
0 , n 0

The discrete-time unit impulse (also known as the Kronecker

delta function) is a function in the ordinary sense (in contrast
with the continuous-time unit impulse). It has a sampling property,

A n n x n Ax n
0 0
n

but no scaling property. That is,

n an for any non-zero, finite integer a.

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The Unit Sequence Function
1 , n 0
u n
0 , n 0

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The Signum Function
1 , n 0

sgn n 0 , n 0
1 , n 0

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The Unit Ramp Function
n , n 0 n
ramp n nu n u m 1
0 , n 0 m

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The Periodic Impulse Function

N n n mN
m

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Scaling and Shifting Functions
Let g n be graphically defined by

g n 0 , n 15

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Scaling and Shifting Functions
Timeshifting n n n0 , n0 an integer

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Scaling and Shifting Functions

Time compression

n Kn

K an integer > 1

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 Scaling and Shifting Functions

Timeexpansion n n/ K, K 1

For all n such that n/ K is an integer, g n/ K is defined.

For all n such that n/ K is not an integer, g n/ K is not defined.

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 Scaling and Shifting Functions
There is a form of time expansion that is useful. Let
x n/ m , n/ m an integer
y n
0 , otherwise
All values of y are defined.
This type of time expansion
is actually used in some
digital signal processing
operations.

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 Differencing

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 Accumulation

n
g n h m
m

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 Even and Odd Signals
g n g n g n g n

g n g n g n g n
g e n g o n
2 2

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Products of Even and Odd
Functions
Two Even Functions

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Products of Even and Odd
Functions
An Even Function and an Odd Function

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Products of Even and Odd
Functions
Two Odd Functions

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 Symmetric Finite Summation

N N N

g n g 0 2 g n g n 0
n N n1 n N

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 Periodic Functions
A periodic function is one that is invariant to the
change of variable n n mN where N is a period of the
function and m is any integer.

The minimum positive integer value of N for which

g n g n N is called the fundamental period N0 .

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Periodic Functions

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Signal Energy and Power

The signal energy of a signal x n is

x n
2
Ex
n

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Signal Energy and Power
x n 0 , n 31

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 Signal Energy and Power
Find the signal energy of
5 / 3 2n , 0 n 8
x n
0 , otherwise
7 7 n
2n 2
x n 5 / 3 5 / 3
2 4
Ex
n n 0 n 0

N 1 N , r 1

Using r n
1 rN
n 0 1 r , r 1
8
1 5 / 3
4

Ex 1.871 10 6
1 5 / 3
4

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 Signal Energy and Power
Some signals have infinite signal energy. In that case
It is usually more convenient to deal with average signal
power. The average signal power of a signal x n is
1 N1
x n
2
Px lim
N 2N
n N

For a periodic signal x n the average signal power is

1
x n
2
Px
N n N
The notation n N
means the sum over any set of

consecutive n's exactly N in length.

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Signal Energy and Power

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 Signal Energy and Power

A signal with finite signal energy is

called an energy signal.

A signal with infinite signal energy and

finite average signal power is called a
power signal.

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