Structural systems

Architectural Program
Establishes overall concept and design
philosophy
Includes
Location of building on site
Architectural style
Interior space planning
Design elements
Construction materials
Building systems
Encompasses the first four steps of the
design process
Structural Design Process

An architectural program establishes

preliminary structural systems.
The structural engineer must analyze
the structural systems and provide a
strong, stable, and cost-effective
design.
Structure of a Building
The primary function of a
building structure is to
support and transmit the
building loads and forces
to the ground.

Photos courtesy Tilt-up Concrete Association

Structural

system
Method of assembling and
constructing structural elements
or components
To support and transmit applied
loads safely to the ground
without exceeding the allowable
stresses in the members.
Characteristics of a Structure
Strength

Stability

Economic Value
Forces and Loads
A force is any action that causes a change
in the shape or motion of an object.
A load is a force that is supported by a
structural element.
The terms force and load are often used
interchangeably.
SNOW
WIND
Structural Member Forces
Tension A force that stretches
or pulls apart a member,
resulting in the member
elongating.
Compression A force that
squeezes or presses a
member together, resulting in
the member shortening.
Shear A force that acts
perpendicular to the axis of the
member, causing the internal
particles of the member to
slide against each other.
Structural System
Made up of many smaller structural sub-
systems that work together to provide a
strong, stable, and cost-effective structure.
Examples of these smaller structural sub-
systems include:
Structural Sub-System
Basic structural elements include:
Types of structural system

Bulk Active structure system

Form active Structure system
Vector active structure system
Surface active structure
system
Bulk Active Structure System
Load bearing masonry wall structures
Masonry walls and columns structure
Framed Structure- column & beam
structures
Grid system- square grid & skew
grid
Portal frames
Bulk Active structure system
Load Bearing / masonry walls
 Load bearing walls
load-bearing wall: carries the load of floors
and roof above in addition to its own weight.
The traditional masonry bearing wall is
thickened in proportion to the forces it has to
resist:
Load carried: selfweight,
dead load of floors and roof,
live load of people,
lateral forces of arches, vaults,
and wind.
Load Bearing structures
Buttressed wall structure
Bulk Active structure system

Masonry walls and columns

Framed structure
A Structure in which weight is
carried by a skeleton or framework,
as opposed to being supported by
walls.
The essential factor in a framed
building is the frames strength.
Framed/Column and Beam Structure
Framed/Column & Beam Structure
Grid system- square and skew grid
Building Plans in square grid
Skew grid structure
Building Plans in skew grid
 Based on structure
1.Load bearing structure
It has load bearing walls which receive the loads
and transmit the same to the ground though their
foundation.
20,30,40,cm thick walls are load bearing walls.
R.C.C slab is provided directly on load bearing
walls.
Based on structure(contd)
2.Framed structure
In the buildings with framed structure, load
is transferred through a frame of R.C.C
slab, beam, column.
In this type of structures, there are
partition walls of 10 cm thick, which divide
and enclose the space.
Construction time is less.
Portal frames
Portal Frames
Low-rise structures, comprising columns and
horizontal or pitched rafters, connected by
moment-resisting connections.
Resistance to lateral and vertical actions is
provided by the rigidity of the connections and
the bending stiffness of the members, which is
increased by a suitable haunch or deepening of
the rafter sections.
This form of continuous frame structure is stable
in its plane and provides a clear span that is
unobstructed by bracing.
Portal Frames
Portal Frames are generally used for single
storey construction which require a large
unobstructed floor space i.e.
Factories
Shopping Centres
Warehouses
Portal Frames
 Portal Frames
Advantages
Speed and ease of construction
Building can be quickly closed in and made water tight.
Framework prefabricated in a workshop and not affected by weather.
Site works such as drainage, roads etc can be carried out until
framework is ready for construction.
No weather hold up during constructing the framework.
Connected together in factories by welding and site connections
should be bolted.
Disadvantages
Although steel is incombustible it has a poor resistance to fire as it
bends easily when hot.
Subject to corrosion
Beam
A structural element that carries a load that is
applied transverse (perpendicular) to its length.
Usually a horizontal member that carries a
vertical applied load.
The top fibers of a beam are in compression; the
bottom fibers are in tension.
Types of beams
Simply Supported Beam
Fixed beam
Cantilever Beam
Continuous Beam
Beams with overhang
Simply supported beams: Both ends
hinged or one end hinged and the other
on roller support
Beam Bending
Simple Bending
Fixed Beams:
This beam has fixed supports at both
ends-restrained against vertical,
horizontal and rotational movements
Continuous Beams: Have more
than one span
Cantilever Beam
A special type of beam that is supported
only at one end
The top fibers of the cantilever are in
tension; the bottom fibers are in
compression
Bending in cantilever
Vertical
Equilibrium
Fy = 0
 shear Vertical
+ deformation Equilibrium
Fy = 0

SHEAR SHEAR
STRESS
 bending M = 0
+ deformation
Rotational
Equilibrium

C
T

BENDING Force Couple

STRESS
Bending Moment
(tens/comp)
Force x lever arm
 Column
A vertical structural element that carries an
axial force in compression
Columns are classified as short columns
or long columns

COLUMN
 Slabs
One way slab
Two way slab
Flat slab
Ribbed slab
Coffered/waffle slab
One way slab with beams
Two way slab with beams
Flat slab
Flat slab with drop panels
Coffer or waffle slab
Advantages and disadvantages of
different slab system

The two-way ribbed slab and waffled slab

system: General thickness of the slab is 5 to
10cm.
 Slab behavior Economic
Choices
Flat Plate (for relatively light loads as in apartments or offices)
suitable span 4.5m to 6.0m with LL= 3-5KN/m2.
Advantages
Low cost formwork
Exposed flat ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Low shear capacity
Low Stiffness (notable deflection)
Slab behavior -Economic Choices
Flat Slab (for heavy industrial loads) suitable span 6 to
9m with LL= 5-7.5KN/m2.
Advantages
Low cost formwork
Exposed flat ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Need more formwork for capital and panels
Slab behavior -Economic Choices
Waffle Slab (two-way joist system) suitable span 7.5m to 12m
with LL= 4-7.5KN/m2.
Advantages
Carries heavy loads
Attractive exposed ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Formwork with panels is expensive
 Slab behavior -Economic Choices
One-way Slab on beams suitable span 3 to 6m with LL=
3-5KN/m2.
Can be used for larger spans with relatively higher cost
and higher deflections
One-way joist system suitable span 6 to 9m with LL= 4-
6KN/m2.
Deep ribs, the concrete and steel quantities are relative
low
Expensive formwork expected.