Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Project of
Supervisors:
Dr. Peter Gardner
Dr. Costas Constantinou
March 2011
Satellite constellation
Outline
Introduction
Satellite Transponder
* HTS BPF
* Antenna
* LNA & HPA
Ground station outline design
* BPF
* Antenna
* LNA & HPA
* Duplexer
Introduction
Frequencies:
Uplink Ground Station-Satellite
5500 ~ 6000 MHz
Downlink Satellite- Ground
Station 4000 ~ 4500 MHz
* Beacon Frequency:
5000MHz
Satellite Transponder
A receiver-transmitter that will generate a reply signal
upon proper electronic interrogation
Total block diagram of designed satellite transponder
6 GHz 4 GHz
Equaliser D/C Amp2 HPA BPF
DMUX
Frequency DMUX
MUX
Frequency MUX
6 GHz LNA Amp1 4GHz
Frequency
Frequency
HTS
BPF
Antenna of Transponder
Reflector Antenna
Two separated
antenna
Circular polarization
Antenna of Transponder
Rx Antenna (6GHz)
* Diameter 0.8m. Aperture Efficiency 0.7, radiation
efficiency 0.9. Physical temperature 50 K.
* Gain 33dBi, Beam Width : 3.5 degree
Tx Antenna (4GHz)
* Diameter 0.9m. Aperture Efficiency 0.7, radiation
efficiency 0.9. Physical temperature 50 K.
* Gain 30dBi, Beam Width : 5 degree
HTS filter
Expensive but economical
because of Two important
properties:
* Low Insertion Loss
* Small size and weight
Low temperature in out of
Mars atmospher
Lead to small noise figure
in receiver
Insertion Loss=0.5 dB
Satellite & RF Radio
10
Processing
IF Processing
Insertion loss=1dB
Duplexer
Duplexer
Amp1: Gain: 40dB
Amp1: Gain: 30dB
IF
BPF HPA Amp2 U/C
6 GHz
Down/Up Converter
* Conversion Loss of Mixer: 4dB
* Insertion Loss of filter: 2dB
* Total Loss of Converter: 6dB
* Noise temperature: 3000K
* A synthesizer with suitable frequency steps should be used as
a local oscillator
* DMUX and Equaliser loss: 12 dB (Physical temp. 50 K)
BPF BPF
4000~4500 5500~6000 5500~6000 4000~4500
MHz MHz MHz MHz
Local Local
Oscillator Oscillator
Satellite & RF Radio
Link Budget Calculation
Receiver
Power
Noise at receiver
EIRP calculation
Gain and losses calculation
Antenna noise (Tant)
Active device noise
Receiver figure of merit
M = Gr/Ts (dB/K) Thermal noise
2/7/17 15
Link budget
Losses
Atmospheric attenuation will be neglected because Mars is dominated by
CO2 and N2. It is found that the attenuation values due to oxygen at Mars
are reduced by a factor of 14,000 relative to Earth, Such a small
attenuation is negligible for telecommunications.
This table provide to us the Attenuation around mars for various frequency
Link budget
Since we know that the power at the receiver is defined by the following equation
In order to calculate (Gr/Ts) , we need to evaluate the noise system temperature Ts.
we simplified the receiver architecture as shown below
TA
+ + GL
1/L + GA
A
TF TLA TAmp
Where
L= 0.5 dB , l= 1.122. FGLA=1.5 dB, fgla= 1.413. GLA= 20 dB FGA= 3dB, fGA= 2. GA= 30 dB
TF = 210 (1.122-1)=25.62K. TLA=210(1.413-1)=86.73. TAmp=210(2-1)=210.
TA= 50 K.
Ts= TA + TF + TLA/ (1/L) + TAmp/ (GLA * (1/L)) + ...........
Ts = 50 + 25.2 + 96.432 + 2.36 = 173.992 K
The results confirms that the major contributors to the system noise temperature are the first two
devices comparing the front end area of the satellite receiver.
Link budget
Where
Lt = Lp + Lat
Lp = 20 log (4d/) = 176 dB , Lat = 0.45 dB
Pt= 127.53 45 + 176.5 12.6 228.6
Pt = 17.83dB , 61 watt
Importance:
High power QPSK (modulation technique)
No need for 16-QAM ( less power
efficiency & efficient )
Low PAPR
Block diagram of OFDM system
The main drawback of OFDMA scheme: High PAPR Low Power Efficiency.
Block diagram of SC-FDMA/DFT-S OFDM
System
DFT- spreading block between the S/P & IFFT blocks
Low PAPR High power efficiency
BER & BLER for QPSK
Challenges
Same scheme by both downlink and uplink Complexity & Cost of terminals
equipment will be Reduced.
PDCU
Energy
Sola Storag
r e Payloa
Arra d
y
Syste
m
Primary Source
Solar Panels
* Gallium Arsenide 3-junction solar cells .
* 2 Solar panels.
* Power produced at 32 v.
dust accumulation will decrease solar cell performance by 77% after only 2 years.
Approaches:
RTG provide more power for less mass but they are much more expensive.
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