Você está na página 1de 17

CENTRAL DOGMA OF LIFE

Definition: The biological information flows from DNA to RNA and from there to
proteins.
It is ultimately the DNA that controls every function of the cell through protein
synthesis
DNA in a cell must be duplicated maintained and passed down accurately to the
daughter cells.
Three distinct process are designed for this purpose.

The Three Rs of DNA - replication, recombination and repair.


Common features between the three Rs

They act on the same substrate.

They are primarily concerned with the marking and breaking of phosphodiester
bond ( the back bone of DNA structure)
Enzymes used in the three processes are mostly similar / comparable.
DNA REPLICATION
Definition : DNA is the genetic material. When the cell
divides, the daughter cells receive an identical copy of
genetic information from the parent cell.
Or
Replication is a process in which DNA copies itself to
produce identical daughter molecules of DNA.
Or
Replication is carried out with high fidelity which is
essential for the survival of the species
TYPES OF DNA REPLICATION IN
PROKARYOTES
There are three types of DNA replication. They are
1. Semiconservative method
2. Conservative method
3. Dispersive method
DNA REPLICATION
Semiconservative method

I. This method of DNA replication was proposed by Watson and


Crick.
II. In this method one strand of the DNA molecule serves as a
template for the synthesis of a new complementary chain.
III. So during replication one strand of the parent molecule is
incorporated in the daughter molecule and another strand is
assembled a new.
IV. As one strand of the parent molecule is conserved in the
daughter molecule, this method is called semi conservative
method.
SEMICONSERVATIVE
DNA REPLICATION
Conservative method .

(i) This method was proposed by cavalieri and Rosenberg


(ii) According to this method the DNA strands do not
separate.
(iii)The two strands act as a template and produce a new
daughter double strand.
(iv)Thus of the two double helixes formed, one would be
entirely of old material and the other double helix
would be entirely of new material.
DNA REPLICATION
DISPERSIVE METHOD.
(i)According to this method the parent DNA molecule
breaks down into small pieces.
(ii) Each piece synthesizes a small DNA molecule. Then
the daughter DNA molecule is assembled by the linking
of the old and new pieces at random.
(iii) As the pieces of Parent DNA molecule remains
scattered in the daughter DNA molecule, This method is
called Dispersive method of replication.
DNA REPLICATION IN
EUKARYOTES
1. Replication occurs inside the chromosome
2. It occurs during interphase
3. The parent DNA strands function as templates for the synthesis of new DNA strand.
4. New DNA is produced by semiconservative process of the two strands produced, one
strand is the parental strand and the second strand is newly synthesized.
5. DNA replication requires the following components
(i) DNA template ix) dTTP, dCTP, Mg++
(ii) A primer RNA X) Ligase
(iii) d ATP, dGTP xi)Deoxy ribonuclease.
(iv) DNA unwinding protein (dna A )
(v) Super helix relaxing protein (topoisomerase)
(vi) RNA polymerase
(viii) DNA polymerase.
DNA REPLICATION
6. Replication starts at a specific point called origin
7. At the site of origin, the two strands separate This
separation is brought about by helicase.
8. At this point where the two strands are separated a
replication fork is formed. The fork appears in the
form of Y the duplication of DNA is brought about by
the movement of the replication fork.
9. The separated DNA strands acts as template.
10. DNA synthesis requires a primer . Primer is a short
RNA polynucleotide chain
DNA REPLICATION
11. The primer RNA is synthesized by the DNA template close to the
origin of replication.It is synthesized by RNA polymerase.
12. Synthesis of the new DNA strand takes place by the addition of DNA
nucleotides to the 3 OH of the last ribonucleotide of the RNA primer.
13. This leads to the elongation of the primer nucleotide in the 5 -3
direction. This is catalyzed by the enzyme DNA polymerase III
14. In one parent DNA strand, the daughter strand is synthesized as a
continuous strand This strand is called leading strand because it is
synthesized first.
15. In the second DNA strand, the daughter strand begins slightly later.
Hence this daughter strand is called Lagging strand.
16. The lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called okazaki
fragments.
DNA REPLICATION
17. The enzyme DNA ligase joins the okazaki fragment into a
long polynucleotide chain.
18. The RNA primer is degraded at the end of replication
19. Replication may occur in one direction from the primer of
origin or in both directions.
20 When replication occurs in one direction is called
unidirectional replication
21.When replication occurs in both direction is called
bidirectional replication.
22. The newly formed chain is exactly complementary to the
template chain
REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTES- DNA
POLYMERASE ROLES.
DNA polymerase alpha: is responsible for the synthesis of RNA
primer for both the leading and lagging strand of DNA.
DNA polymerase beta: is involved in the repair of DNA. Its
functions is comparable with DNA polymerase I found in
prokaryotes.
DNA polymerase gamma: this enzyme participates in the
replication of mitochondrial DNA
DNA polymerase Delta: It is responsible for the replication on the
leading strand of DNA. It also possesses proof reading
activity.
DNA polymerase Epsilon: Is involved in DNA synthesis on the
lagging strand and proof reading function
THANK
YOU

Você também pode gostar