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Chapter 13:

Prisons and
Jails
A Short History of
American Prisons
William Penns Great Law.
Pennsylvania, 1682.
Forbade corporal punishment, and envisioned
prisons as workhouses.
The Walnut Street Jail
Philadelphia, 1890
Silence and labor are the keys to
rehabilitation.
Suffers from overcrowding and excessive
costs.
A Short History of
American Prisons
The Pennsylvania The New York System
System Solitary
Silence and in- confinement leads
cell labor to insanity in
inmates
Constant solitary
Inmates are
confinement (the
separate system) allowed to work
together, while
Only human maintaining
contact is with silence (the
visiting clergy congregate system)
A Short History of
American Prisons
Reform:
The new penology

Imposed silence and separation

abolished
Inmates offered early release for
good behavior.
All inmates begin at level 2, and
through good behavior be assigned a
level 1 and released. Misbehavior sees
an inmate demoted to level 3 and the
sentence is extended.
A Short History of
American Prisons
Martinsons What Works? is
published in 1974, reporting that
inmate rehabilitation efforts
have been largely unsuccessful.
In the 1980s the get tough on
crime movement is in full swing,
bringing harsher sentences and
booming prison populations.
The Prison Population
Bomb
Factors in prison growth:
Enhancement and stricter

enforcement of drug laws


Increased probability of

incarceration
Inmates are serving more time for

each crime
Federal prison growth
The Role of Prison in
Society
Three models of prisons:
The custodial model

The rehabilitation model

The reintegration model


Types of Prisons
Maximum-Security Prisons:
Violent and repeat offenders, those

with conduct disorders (16% of


prisoners)
Fortresses, watchtowers, armed guards

Cell blocks/wings

Standard uniforms and dress codes

Inmates lives are security-based


Types of Prisons

Supermax:
30 prisons reserved for the

worst of the worst


Controlled environment

Supermax syndrome
Types of Prisons

Medium-Security Prisons:
House less dangerous inmates than

maximum security (35% if prisoners)


Less restrictive security than

maximum security, usually fences


instead of walls
Rehabilitative programming is

available
Types of Prisons
Minimum-Security Prison:
Designed for inmates who are a low-
security risk, such as non-violent
and first-time offenders (about 49%
of prisoners)
Inmates have more freedom to move
about the facility
Security is more relaxed, there are
no armed guards
Rehabilitative programming and
privileges are available
Prison Administration

Formal Prison Management:


Chain of command (a strong

hierarchy is vital)
May lack continuity of purpose

(rehabilitation versus
punishment)
Prison Administration
Governing Prison Populations:
Order
The absence of misconduct, such as murder,
assault and rape
Amenities
Comforts that make life livable, such as
cleaning living conditions, and good food
Services
Programs designed to improve inmates
prospects upon release
The Emergence of Private
Prisons
Private prisons are correctional facilities
operated by private corporations instead of
the government.

Private prisons are often reliant on profit


for
survival.
Private prison populations are forecasted
to
continue to grow over the near future.
The Emergence of Private
Prisons
Why Privatize? Arguments Against
Cost efficiency Privatization:
Competitive Safety concerns
bidding
Financial
Labor costs
concerns
Overcrowding and
Philosophical
outsourcing
concerns
Quality of
service
Jails
The Purposes of Jails:
To hold those convicted of misdemeanors

To hold individuals pre-trial

Temporarily hold juveniles awaiting transfer

To hold the mentally ill pending transfer

To detain those who have violated probation


of parole, or have jumped-bail
To house inmates awaiting transfer to prison

To operate community-based corrections


programs such as home confinement and
electronic monitoring
Jails

The Jail Population:


88% of jail inmates are male

30% are pretrial detainees

38% have been convicted of


their current charge
The remainder of inmates housed
include the mentally ill and
those awaiting transfer
Jails
Jail Administration:
The burden of jail management
Sheriffs may view the jail as a lower
priority than crime prevention and
control
The challenge of overcrowding
Living conditions are often miserable
New construction fills quickly,
failing to alleviate the problem
Jails
New-Generation Jails:
Adhere to a podular design, rather

than a traditional design


Use the direct supervision approach

Originally viewed as soft on

inmates, research indicates that


new-generation jails are effective
in reducing misconduct
The Consequences of High
Rates of Incarceration

Positive consequences include a


correlation with a drop in the
crime rate.
Negative consequences include
social consequences for families
and communities, and
disenfranchisement of inmates who
lose their right to vote.

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