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Guided By :
  


Mr. Dharmesh Sur   

Biotechnology : Introduction
‡ Definition :-
± According to European Federation of
Biotechnology, Biotechnology is the
integrated use of Biochemistry, Microbiology
and engineering sciences in order to achieve
technological (industrial) application of the
capabilities of microorganisms, cultured
tissue cells and parts there of.
‡ History :-
± Biotechnology took its birth thousands of
years before christ was born.
± Contrary to popular bellet biotechnology
emerged dates back to the time of sumerians
and egyptians of 6000 ± 4000 BC
 
 
 




  
‡ The term biotechnology defined in 1917 by Karl
Ereky, a Hungarian Engineer.
‡ In 1920¶s clostridium acerobutylicum was used by
Chaim Weizmann for converting starch into
butanol and acetone; the latter was an essential
component of explosives during World War I. it is
considered to be the first rediscovery of
biotechnology in the present century.
‡ Production of penicilin on large scale from
cultures of pencillium notatum and recombinant ±
DNA technology marked the rediscovery of
biotechnology in present century.
 Development of
Biotechnology :-
:-
‡ The development of biotechnology
can be divided into five eras.
1. The Pre ± Pasteur Era
2. Pasteur Era
3. The Antibiotic Era
4. Post ± Antibiotic Era
5. New Biotechnology (Modern Era)
Timescale (Prepared by Houwink(1984))
:
Era Duration Events

1) Pre ± Pasteur Before 1865 -Alcoholic Beverages

Era -Dairy Products
-Fermented Foods

2) Pasteur Era 1865 ± -Ethanol, Butenol, Acetone,

1940 Organic Acid production
-Aerobic Sewage Treatment

3) Antibiotic Era 1940 ± -Penicillin

1960 -Large Variety of antibiotics
-Virus Vaccines
-Microbial Steroid
transformations
Era Duration Events
4) Post ± 1960 ± 1975 -Amino Acids
Antibiotic Era -Single cell Protein (SCP)
-Anaerobic Waste Water treatment
(Biogas)
-Gasohol
-Enzymes (detergents)
-First gene cloned (1973)

5) Era of New 1975 -Genetic Engineering (1974)

Biotechnology onwards -Monoclonal antibodies (1975)
-Genetech exploited recombinant
DNA technology (1976)
-First monoclonal antibody (1981)
diagnostic kit approved in USA
-Human insulin (1982)
÷ole of Biotech in Chemical Field

‡ Biotechnology is now being seen

as the industry which will stretch
the frontier for three separate
industries.
1. Chemical industry
2. Pharmaceutical segment
3. Infotech industry
‡ Biotechnology is playing a major role in
the processes in the field of Petrochemical,
Pharmaceutical, fertilizer, textile, dyes,
plastic & applied for waste treatment.
‡ Biotechnology is also used in the
production of bio fuels such as ethanol
and biodiesel which are renewable, non
toxic and biodegradable & also mfg.
biodegradable plastics.
‡ 5 billion kilograms of commodity
chemicals are produced annually in the US
using plant biomass such as corn as the
primary feed stock
‡ Already 5% of chemical sales are
dependent on biotech. Which is forecasted
to be of 10% to 20% of the chemical
market by 2010 depending upon feedstock
prices, demands. Etc«
‡ Genetic manipulation can often raise the
efficiency of a biotechnological process
while reducing costs & environmental
impact.
‡ The latest trend in the chemical industry is
replacement of chemical synthesis by
biosynthetic process is mainly because the
latter can eliminate environmental
concerns over the disposal of chemical
processing waste & increases product
yield.
‡ In industrial biotechnology, the use
of genetically enhanced
microorganisms (GEMs) and
enzymes offers a new cost effective
way to prevent the creation of
pollution.
‡ Chemical big daddies like Dow
chemical co., Du Pont co., Bayer AG
and BASF AG have started biotech
÷&D in search of cost effective and
environmentally friendly processes.
 Biotech Applications
‡ Biotech applications related to
chemical field are as follows :
1. Fermentation Technology
2. Biological fuel generation
3. Environmental Biotechnology
4. Biotechnologies for Waste gas
purification
5. Biofertilizers
6. Sewage Treatment
1. Fermentation Technology

± Definition
± Used Microorganisms
± Uses
± Future
2. Biological fuel Generation
± Types of biofuels
1. Biodiesel
å Definition and transesterification process
å Vegetable oils ± countries
å Economics
å Benefits
2. Ethanol
å ÷eason to use
å Case study ± Brazil
å ÷ / m s of mfg.
3. Environmental Biotechnology :
± Various processes
1. Bioremediation
å Definition and Basis
å Area of applications
2. Bioleaching and Metal Extraction
å Definition
å ÷ole of microorganisms
å Advantages over conventional mining
techniques
4. Biotechnologies for Waste Gas
Purification :
± Types of process
± Advantages of Biological Technologies
1. Biofilters
å Working
å Applications
2. Biotrickling filters
å Working
å Applications
3. Bioscrubbers
å Working
å applications
5. Biofertilizers
* Introduction
* Various Treatments
* Types of available biofertilizers
* Advantages
* Benefits
6. Sewage Treatment
* Definition : Sewage
* Object of Sewage treatment
* Basis of biological treatment
* Types of Treatment processes
1. Biological Filters
2. Activated Sludge process
 ÷ole of chemical Engineer in Biotech
‡ Chemical engineer in the biotechnology develop
and design the processes to grow, handle and
harvest living organisms and their by products.
‡ ÷esponsibilities
‡ Challenges
‡ Some of the recent Biotechnologies benefited
from the work of chemical engineer are as
follows
1. Sorona TM (Du Pont)
2. Lovastatin TM (Merck)
3. Glucowatch Biographer ® (Cygnus)
4. Cerezyme ® (Genzyme)
5. Transcyte ® (Advanced tissue Sciences)
6. Pseudomonas Stutzeri KC
å Mission
 Global Scenario :-
:-
‡ In 2003, there were 4,471 biotech
companies worldwide
Country ÷evenue ÷ & D Spending

U.S. 70% 70%

Europe 20% 25%

‡ Global Industry¶s current focus

 Indian Scenario :-
:-

‡ Ernst & Young ÷eport

‡ The biotech sector is witnessing an
impressive 40% annual growth
‡ Partner of choice
 Indian initiatives in Biotech Sector

‡ The government of India identified as a

thrust sector in 1986 & set up the
department of Biotechnology.
‡ By looking at the potential Biotech holds,
initiatives are also taken by various state
governments such as of
1. Tamilnadu
2. Karnataka
3. Andhra Pradesh
4. Maharashtra
5. Gujarat
 Opportunities in Gujarat
‡ Gujarat : An emerging leader.
‡ Gujarat Biotechnology venture Fund
(GBVF) is a 12 year close-ended
venture capital fund with an initial
proposed fund of 50 crore ÷s.
‡ Gujarat Biotechnology park, Baroda
is an efficient bio-tech expandable
project involving ÷s. 540 million
initial investment, 40 hectares.
 Future focus on Biotechnology ÷&D
‡ Bioreactor and fermentor play an
important role in the ÷&D or drugs,
especially in ÷ecombinant DNA Tech.,
microorganism based vector ÷esearch
‡ Hybrid high yielding cultivars, transgenic
plants, tissue culture raised floricultural
plants, use of biofertilisers, biopesticides,
plant growth stimulants etc. are expected
to supplement agricultural productivity.
‡ Genetic bio diversity of various countries
would be one of the most important
resources for the world community in
future.
 Biotechnology : A Boon to developing
Countries

‡ U.N. says that ³Biotech holds

Enormous promise for developing
world.´
‡ Some assets that a developing
country must posses for the
development of biotechnology are :
Core Scientific Capabilities,
complementary capabilities both at
local and national levels and
complementary assets.
‡ Some of the areas in which the
contribution of biotech in the
developing countries can be quite
significant are :
1.Agriculture
2.Tissue cultural technology
3.Pharmaceuticals
4.Bioleaching
5.Biofertilizers & Biopesticides
6.Biofuels
 Future for Biotechnology
‡ The major short term growth is occurring
in pharma & agrichemicals and long term
growth is occurring in chemical
intermediate and fuels, separation
processes and design of continuous large
scale fermentation processes will remain
of major importance for chemical
engineers in future.
‡ Biotechnology is knowledge intensive, skill
based field and must be nurtured
‡ all round for harnessing its potential.
 ÷EFE÷ENCES
1. Deswal Surinder, Anupama Deswal, 2004, Basics of
Biotechnology. Dhanpat ÷ai & Co. Delhi.
2. Scragg, Biotechnology for Engineers, Biological systems in
Technological Processes, John Wiley & Sons.
3. Chemical Engineering World, February 2004, pg.: 59-62
4. Chemical Engineering World, March 2002, pg.: 44
5. Chemical Engineering World, Nov. 2002, pg.: 70-72
6. Chemical Engineering World, Jan. 2001, pg.: 78-80
7. Chemical Engineering World, Nov 2000, pg.: 43-47
8. Chemical Engineering World, Sep. 2000, pg.: 73-77
9. Chemical Engineering World, Sep. 2000, pg.: 128-131
10. Chemical Industry News, April 2004, pg.: 77-80
11. Chemical Industry News, May 2003, pg.: 36-38
12. Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission Note
13. Indian Chem. Eng. Section B, vol-46, No.2, April ±June 2004,
pg.:136
14. Indian Chem. Eng. Section B, vol-46, No.1, Jan - March 2004
15. India Today, Aug 9 2004, pg.:18-25
16. Nandini Chemical Journal, July 2004, pg.:11
17. Nandini Chemical Journal, Jan 2003, pg.:9
18. Nandini Chemical Journal, Dec 2002, pg.:26
‡ Search Engines :
1. www.google.com
2. www.altavista.com
3. www.biotechfind.com
4. www.yahoo.com
å Web links :
1. www.ableindia.com
2. www.btm.gujarat.gov.in
3. www.bio.com
4. www.frost.com
5. www.idg.com