towards the normal

refraction of light

air
water/glass

A drinking straw appears bent in a glass of water.

The depth of water in a swimming pool
appears to be more swallow

decrease /
 Retina

Lens

The eyeball is too long/ the lens is too th

Short sightedness Wearing concave lens spectacles.

concave lens
Put a concave lens at the path of the light rays
in front of the convex lens.
convex lens
short sightedness
long sightedness
 can determine distance accurately
Stereoscopic
can detect enemies from a wide range of direct
Monocular

Predator
overlapping visual field
Prey

The position of eyes for animal M is in

front of the head while the position of cat, tiger, owl
eyes for animal N is at the sides of
fish, rabbit, parrots
the head
 1.8 SOUND AND
HEARING
Properties of sound
1.Sound is a form of energy produced by
vibration.
2.When an object vibrates, the kinetic
energy from the object is converted into
sound energy.
Kinetic energy sound energy
3.Example of vibrating objects that produce
sound:
a)Musical instrument (guitar, violin,
drum) when played.
b)A tuning form when knocked.
4. A medium is needed for the sound to travel.
Sound cannot travel through vacuum.
Eg: Sound can move through a solid, liquid or
gas.

5. Sound can be reflected by smooth and hard

surfaces .
Smooth surface: metal, glass, brick wall (sound
reflector)
Eg: Echo is the reflected sound. Echo can be
used to
estimate the depth of sea, identify a school
of fish and detect the presence of
submarines, prevent ships from colliding
with rocks under the sea
4.Sound is absorbed by soft and rough surfaces.

5.Soft and porous furface: carpets, curtains,

cotton, sponge (sound absorber)

6.Therefore, soft materias are normally used

reduce echo especially in a hall. Actions to
reduce echo are :
(a) The floor of a hall is covered by carpets.
(b) Soft cushions and curtains are put in a
hall or big room.
(c) The walls are lined by sponge or
cardboard punched with holes.
 Hearing defect
1. The most common hearing defects are the inability
to detect sound and the difficulty of hearing with
with ease.
2. 2 major hearing defects:
a) Temporary loss of hearing: Damage of outer
and middle ear Eg: earwax in the auditory canal
block sound waves
b) Permanent/total hearing loss: Damage to
the inner ear Eg:ossicles fused
together,damaged cochlea by local
infectionsor by long exposuretoloudsound.
3. Ways to overcome:
a) Uses syringes and warm water to remove wax
blocking the auditory canal
b) Surgery to replace damaged ossicles or
 Limitation of hearing
Human ear can detect sounds in the frequency
range of 20-20000Hz.
Children have more elastic eardrums (they can
hear better)
Old people s eardrums become less elastic. The
range of sound frequencies that they can detect
decreases. Their ability to hear high pitched
sounds decreases.
A person exposed to constant loud noises
experiences a loss of hearing, which the range of
hearing is smaller than that of a normal person.
 Ways to overcome hearing
limitations
Stethoscope
Doctor uses this to listen to patients heartbeat
by making the soft heartbeats louder so that they
can be heard.
Loudspeaker
Teacher uses loudspeaker to make
announcements during school assemblies in the
school hall.
Earphones
To connect sound gadgets such as MP3 player
to our ears so that we can listen to music.
 Stereophonic hearing
1. Ability to hear using both ears.
2. Enables to detect the direction of sound accurately.
3. Important to human and animals because
a) It can help avoid danger (enemies, predators,
moving vehicles)
b) It can help animals to obtain their food.
4. Each ear does not receive the sound stimulus at the
same time. This differences allow the brain to
determine the direction of the source of the sound.
5. Steps:
The ear nearer to the source of sound receives a
stronger stimulus. it receives the sound earlier than the
other ear. Impulses from this ear reaches the brain
earlier than the impulse from the other ear. The brain
interprets these two different impulses. It is able to
determine the direction of the sound.
The experiment is repeated by replacing the metal sheet with a
board layered with cotton.
(a) What is the objective of the experiment? (Aim)
To study the reflection and absorption of sound by different surfaces
(b) State two observations from the experiment.
The ticking sound of the stopwatch are clearly heard when reflected by
the metal sheet.
The ticking sound of the stopwatch is weake when reflected by the metal
sheet with a layer of cotton.
(c) State one characteristics of surfaces that are good absorber and
give one example in your answer.
Soft surface / Woollen layered surface
(d) Briefly explain how good sounds absorber is applied in theatres.
Theatres use soft materials like curtains, cushions and carpets to reduce
Sound waves cannot travel in vacumm.

Hard
Smooth
Shiny
 To investigate stereophonic hearing.

Hearing with two ears.

Stereophonic hearing

Stereophonic hearing is required to determine the direction of sound accurately

1.9 Stimuli and Responses in Plants
The response by plants to stimuli in a particular
direction is called tropism.
a) Positive tropism: towards the stimulus;
b) Negative tropism: away from stimulus.
Types of tropism Stimulus

1.Phototropis Light Shoots grow towards light

m (positive phototropism)
Roots grow away from light
(negative phototropism)
2. Gravity Roots always grow downwards in
Geotropism the direction of gravity (Positive
geotropism)
Shoots grow upwards away from
gravity (negative geotropism)
3. Water Roots grow towards water
Hydrotropism (positive hydrotropism)
Shoots grow away from water
(negative hydrotropism)
4. Touch or Stems and tendrils of climbing
Thigmotropis contact plants grow and coil around a
with solid support (eg: wood branch)
m structure (positive thigmotropism)
Root grow away from solid
objects such as stones (negative
Cucumber
Morning glory
Nastic movement is another type of response
of plant part to a stimulus in which the movement
of the plant part is independent of the direction of
the stimulus.
Touch-me-not plant
Seismonastic response:
The leaves of Mimosa pudica close because of the
stimulus of touch.

The Venus flytrap has a special structure which

closes and traps insects that land on it.
 Type of Shoot Root
tropism
Phototropis
m + -
Geotropism
- +
Hydrotropis
m
- +
 Importance of plant responses

1. To ensure plant get their basic need such as obtaining food

and water and to protect themselves.

2. The positive phototropism of shoots enable the plant to

grow towards sunlight so that the leaves can get sunlight for
photosynthesis.

3. The positive hydrotropism of roots help the plants locate

water.

4. The positive geotropism of roots help the plant find water

since water is usually found in the ground. It also helps the
roots to grow into the soil to hold the plant firmly in the
ground.

5. Thigmotropism helps plants with soft stems get enough

sunlight by causing the plant to climb up supports.
 Direction of water source

Direction of root growth

Gravity, Light

To absorb moisture of the air in the beaker.

 Upwards

positive hydrotropism
positive geotropism

tropic responses depend on the direction of stimulus but nastic movement does n
Tropic response respond slower than nastic movement

the leaves of the touch-me-not plant

 Venus flytrap
Morning glory

Nastic movement
Thigmotropism Nastic movement occurs more
quickly than thigmotropism.

Plant B grows straight up while
plant A grows bend to the right.
The shoot of plant A bend to the
right because it needs sunlight
for photosynthesis process.
Positive phototropism
Plant B become wilt after a few
days and die because the plant
is not getting enough sunlight to
carry out photosynthesis. Plant
B do not get enough nutrient for
growth.