The muscular

system
PART A

1
Interactions of Skeletal Muscles
Skeletal muscles work together or in
opposition
Muscles only pull (never push)
As muscles shorten, the insertion
generally moves toward the origin
Whatever a muscle (or group of
muscles) does, another muscle (or
group) undoes

2
Muscle Classification: Functional
Groups

Prime movers provide the major force

for producing a specific movement
Antagonists oppose or reverse a
particular movement
Synergists
Add force to a movement
Reduce undesirable or unnecessary
movement

3
Muscle Classification: Functional
Groups

Fixators synergists that immobilize a

bone or muscles origin

4
Names of skeletal muscles
Names give clues to muscle
characteristics
Location: femoris, temporalis, etc
Fascicle organization: rectus, oblique,
etc
Relative position: profundus,
superficialis, etc
Structure: biceps, triceps, etc

5
Names of skeletal muscles
Size: maximus, longus, etc
Shape: trapezius, deltoid, etc

Origin and insertion:

sternocleidomastoid, etc
Action: flexor, pronator, etc

6
Organization of skeletal muscle fibers

Parallel muscle
Convergent muscle
Pennate muscle
Unipennate

Bipennate
Multipennate

Circular muscle (sphincter)

Fusiform

7
Arrangement of Fascicles

8
Muscles of the Head

9
Muscles of the Head

10
Muscles of the Head
Facial expression muscles
Orbicularis oris
O: maxilla and mandible

I: lips

A: compresses lips

Buccinator
O: maxilla and mandible

I: orbicularis oris

A: compresses the cheek

(whistling)
11
Muscles of the Head
Occipitofrontalis muscles
Occipital

O: occipital bone
I: galea aponeurotic

A: pulls the scalp posteriorly

Frontalis

O: galea aponeurotic
I: skin of the eyebrow
A: raise the eyebrow

12
Muscles of the Head
Orbicularis oculi
O: frontal and maxillary bones
I: eyelid
A: closes eyes
Corrugator supercilli
O: frontal bone
I: skin of eyebrow
A: draws eyebrow inferiorly and
medially

13
Muscles of the Head
Levator labii superioris
O: zigomatic and maxilla bone

I: upper lip
A: raises upper lips

Depressor labii inferioris

O: mandible

I: lower lip
A: pulls lower lip inferiorly

14
Muscles of the Head
Depressor anguli oris
O: mandible
I: angle of mouth
A: pulls corner of mouth down and
laterally
Mentalis
O: mandible
I: skin of chin
A: protudes lower lip

15
Muscles of the Head
Zigomatics
O: zigomatic bone

I: corner the mouth

A: smiling muscle

Risorius
O: masseter

I: angle of the mouth

A: pulls corner of lips laterally

16
Muscles of Mastication

17
Muscles of Mastication

18
Muscles of Mastication
Masseter muscles
O: zigomatic and maxilla bones

I: mandible
A: closes the jaw

Temporalis muscles
O: temporal fossa

I: mandible
A: closes the jaw

19
Muscles of Mastication
Pterygoids
O: sphenoid, palatine and maxillary
bones
I: mandible
A: elevates mandible

Buccinator

20
Extrinsic muscles of the eye

21
Extrinsic muscles of the eye
Inferior and superior rectus muscles
Lateral and medial rectus muscles
Inferior oblique muscles
Elevates the eye and turns it laterally

Superior oblique muscles

Depresses the eye and turns it
laterally

22
Summary of Cranial Nerves and
Muscle Actions

23
Figure 15.3c
Muscles of the Neck

24
Muscles of the Neck

25
Muscles of the Neck
Platysma
O: fascia of chest and deltoid
I: mandible, skin, corner of the

mouth
A: depresses mandible, pulls lip

back and down

Sternocleidomastoid
O: manubrium and clavicle

I: temporal and occipital bones

A: flexion forward of the neck

26
Muscles of the Neck
Scalenes anterior, middle, posterior
O: cervical vertebrae
I: first 2 ribs
A: elevates first 2 ribs
Digastric
O: mandible and mastoid process
I: hyoid
A: elevates hyoid bone

27
Muscles of the Neck
Mylohyoid
O: mandible

I: hyoid bone
A: elevates hyoid bone

Sternohyoid
O: manubrium and clavicle

I: hyoid bone
A: depresses hyoid bone

28
Muscles of the Thorax
Muscles inserting on the scapula:
Rhomboid muscles
O: vertebrae

A: adducts and stabilizes scapula

Levator scapulae muscles

O: vertebrae

A: elevates scapula

29
Muscles of the Thorax

30
Muscles of the Thorax
Abductors of the shoulder joint:
Deltoid muscles (major
abductor)
O: clavicle and scapula

I: humerus

Supraspinatus muscles
O: scapula

I: humerus

31
Muscles of the Thorax

32
Muscles of the Thorax
Lateral rotation of the shoulder
joint:
Infraspinatus muscles
O: scapula

I: humerus

Teres minor muscles

O: scapula

I: humerus

33
Muscles of the Thorax
Medial rotators of the shoulder joint
Teres major muscles
O: scapula

I: humerus (anterior surface)

34
Muscles of the Thorax

35
Muscles of the Thorax
Origin on the ribs and insertion on
the scapula:
Serratus anterior muscles
A: fixates, protracts the scapula

Pectoralis minor muscles

A: ribs fixed: moves scapula

forward and inferiorly and with

scapula fixed it moves up the rib
cage
36
Muscles of the Thorax

37
Muscles of the Thorax
Flexion of the shoulder joint (agonist):
Pectoralis major muscles
O: clavicle, sternum, ribs, external
oblique muscle
I: humerus
Extension of the shoulder joint
(agonist):
Latissimus dorsi muscles
O: vertebrae, ribs, ilium
I: humerus

38
Muscles of the Thorax

39
Muscles of the Thorax

40
Muscles of respiration
External intercostal
O: rib above
I: rib below
A: elevates rib cage
Internal intercostal
O: rib below
I: rib above
A: depresses rib cage

41
Muscles of Respiration

42
Muscles of Respiration

43
Muscles of Respiration
Diaphragm
O: ribs and its cartilage, sternum,
vertebrae
I: central tendon of the cartilage
A: prime action in inspiration

44
Muscles of Respiration

45
Muscles of the Abdomen
Rectus abdominis
O: pubis

I: xiphoid process, ribs

A: flexes vertebral column,increase
abdominal pressure
External oblique
O: ribs
I: linea alba, ilium
A: see above, helps trunk rotation
and lateral flexion
46
Muscles of the Abdomen
Internal oblique
O: lumbar fascia, ilium, inguinal
ligament
I: linea alba, pubis, ribs

A: same as external oblique

Transversus abdominis
O: ribs, inguinal ligament, ilium,
lumbar fascia
I: linea alba, pubis

A: compresses abdominal content

47
Muscles of the Abdomen

48
Muscles of the Arm

49
Muscles of the Arm
Biceps brachii muscle
O: scapula, shoulder joint

I: radius
A: agonist flexor of the elbow

Brachioradialis
O: humerus

I: radius
A: synergists for flexion of the elbow

50
Muscles of the Arm
Brachialis
O:humerus

I: ulna
A: synergist for flexion of the elbow

51
Muscles of the Arm

Triceps brachii muscle (long, lateral

and medial heads)
O: scapula, humerus
I: ulna
A: agonist extensor of the elbow

52
Muscles of the Arm

53
Rotator Cuff Muscles
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres
minor, and subscapularis
Function mainly to reinforce the
capsule of the shoulder
Secondarily act as synergists and
fixators

54
Rotator Cuff Muscles

55
Rotator Cuff Muscles

56
Muscles of the forearm
Flexion of the wrist (O: humerus)
Flexor carpi ulnaris
I: metacarpus and carpus

Flexor carpi radialis

I: metacarpals

Palmaris longus
I: palm of the hand

57
Muscles of the forearm

58
Muscles of the forearm
Extension of the wrist (O: humerus)
Extensor carpi radialis
I: metacarpus

Extensor carpi ulnaris

I: metacarpus

59
Muscles of the forearm

60
Muscles of the forearm

Pronation of the forearm (I: radius)

Pronator teres muscle
O: humerus

61
Muscles of the forearm

62
Muscles that move the hand

63
Muscles that move the hand

64
Muscles of the pelvis and lower limb

Gluteal muscles (O: ilium; I: femur)

Gluteus maximus
A: extension and lateral rotation of

thigh
Gluteus medius and minimus
A: abduction and medial rotation of

thigh

65
Muscles of the pelvis and lower limb

66
Muscles of the pelvis and lower limb

Sartorios
O: ilium
I: tibia
A: flexes the thigh and helps in
crossing the leg
Adductors of the leg
O: pubis
I: femur

67
Muscles of the pelvis and lower limb

Gracilis
O: pubis

I: tibia
A: adducts, flexes and medially
rotates the thigh

68
Muscles of the pelvis and lower limb

69
Iliopsoas muscle
Formed from the merging of the
psoas major and the iliacus
muscles
O: ilium, vertebrae
I: femur
Flexor of the trunk, flexor of the leg

70
Muscles of the pelvis and lower limb

71
Muscles of the leg
Quadriceps (I: tibia; A: extends the
knee)
Rectus femoris
O: ilium

Vastus medialis, intermedius,

lateralis
O: femur

72
Muscles of the leg

73
Muscles of the leg
Tensor fasciae latae
O: ilium

I: fasciae latae
A: flexes, abducts the thigh; tenses
the fasciae latae

74
Muscles of the leg
The hamstrings (O: ischium; I: tibia; A:
extend thigh, flexes knee)
Biceps femoris muscles
Semimembranosus muscles
Semitendinosis muscles

75
Muscles of the leg

76
Muscles of the leg
Plantar flexion (I: calcaneal tendon)
Gastrocnemius muscle
O: femur
Soleus muscle
O: fibula and tibia
Eversion and plantar flexion
Fibularis muscle
O: fibula
I: foot

77
Flexors of the knee
Popliteus muscle
O: femur

I: tibia
A: unlocks the knee joint

78
Muscles of the leg

79
Muscles of the leg
Tibialis anterior
O: tibia

I: metatarsal and cuneiform bones

A: dorsiflexion of the foot

Tibialis posterior
O: tibia

I: tarsal and metatarsal bones

A: foot inversion

80
Muscles of the leg

81
Muscles of the leg

82
Muscles That Move the Toes
Extensors digitorum
O: Tibia, fibula

I: Digits
A: Extends the digits

83