LIGHTING

5.0
 5.0 LIGHTING
6.1 General 3. High-Intensity Discharge
Lamps
are members of the electric
6.1 General 6.1.1 Types of Lamps
discharge family of light sources (as
6.2 Incandescent Lamps are fluorescent lamps). Light is
1. Filament Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps produced when a high-pressure
electric arc is passed through a gas
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps a) Incandescent Lamps
vapor, rather than by a low-pressure
b) R and PAR
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps arc as in fluorescent lamps.
c) Tungsten - Halogen
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
a) Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 2. Gaseous Discharge Lamps
b) Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium c) High Pressure Sodium Lamps
Lamps a) Fluorescent Lamps
b) Energy Savings Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
c) Neon Vapor Lamps
6.10 Luminaires d) PL lamps
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
6.1.2 Units of Light

6.1 General
= 1. Unit of Light or Luminous Flux
Lumens
6.2 Incandescent Lamps

6.3 R and PAR Lamps 2. Unit of Density of Light

6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium = is the amount of lumens falling on
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
a) Footcandle
is the amount of lumens falling on
an area one square foot one foot
away
b) Lux
an area one square meter one
meter away. One (1) footcandle is
equivalent to 10.76 lux.
3. Unit of Light Intensity
candlepower (cp)

6.13 Lighting Methods 4. Unit of Brightness

= footlambert (FL)
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
6.2 Incandescent
Lamps
6.1 General

6.2 Incandescent Lamps composed basically of a sealed

glass containing a filament
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
connected at its ends to the contact
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps area in the base thereby completing
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
an electric circuit.

6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps The glass envelope comes in a

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps variety of shapes and sizes; bulb
designations consist of a letter to
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps indicate its shape, and a number to
indicate the diameter in eights of an
6.9 Ballasts
inch.
6.10 Luminaires

6.11 Classification of
Luminaires

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
The various shapes are:

6.1 General
Standard - A
Globular - G
6.2 Incandescent Lamps Straight - S
6.3 R and PAR Lamps Tubular - T
Pear-shape - PS
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
Flame - F
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps PAR - Parabolic
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps Aluminized
Reflector
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps

6.8 High-Pressure Sodium A PS 30 Lamp therefore is a pear-

Lamps
shaped bulb 30/8 or 3-3/4 in
6.9 Ballasts diameter
6.10 Luminaires

6.11 Classification of
Luminaires

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen
Lamps
6.1 General Are complete optical systems in a
6.2 Incandescent Lamps single bulb. The bulb contains a The tungsten-halogen (also called
filament, reflector and lens. quartz or quartz-iodine) lamps use a
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
halogen gas cycle to prevent rapid
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps depreciation of the lamp filament
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps and darkening of the transparent
envelop.
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps

6.8 High-Pressure Sodium

Lamps

6.9 Ballasts

6.10 Luminaires

6.11 Classification of
Luminaires

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
6.5 Fluorescent For the operation of some
fluorescent tubes, an automatic
Lamps
6.1 General
switch known as a starter is
required, in addition to the normal
6.2 Incandescent Lamps comprises a cylindrical glass tube,
wall switch. The starter is self
sealed at both ends and containing
6.3 R and PAR Lamps contained in a small tubular jacket
an inert gas usually argon and
which is inserted in the fixture body
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps mercury vapors. Built into each end
and is a replaceable part.
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
is a cathode which supplies the
electrons to start an maintain the
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps mercury arc or gaseous discharge.
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps This light is absorbed by the
phosphors in which the inside of the
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps tube is coated and is re-radiated in
the visible light range.
6.9 Ballasts

6.10 Luminaires All fluorescent light sources, require

6.11 Classification of
a control device or an auxiliary,
Luminaires called a ballast, located in the metal
6.12 Lighting Systems
base.

6.13 Lighting Methods The ballast serves the following

6.14 Factors which will functions:
Achieve Desirable Seeing Supplying the high voltage necessary
Conditions
to start the arc;
6.15 Lighting Terms Limiting the current in the arc after it

Fluorescent lamps are classified as:
1. According to shape
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps Standard
6.3 R and PAR Lamps Slim-line
does not require a starter, have single-pin
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps bases, come in diameters 3/4, 1, and 1-
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 1/2 ; and come in lengths from 42 (4 ft)
to 96 (8 ft).
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps Circline
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps 2. According to method of tube
operation
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires Pre-heat
requires a starter which preheats the
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires cathodes so that less voltage is required
to strike an arc. There is a 2-5 seconds
6.12 Lighting Systems
delay in the start of lamp after switch is
on. This class is also called a switch-
6.13 Lighting Methods
start or starter-start lamp. In certain
6.14 Factors which will cases, the starter can be eliminated by
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
5.0 LIGHTING
using a device called a trigger-start
ballast. This ballast provides both a
current-limiting function and an
appropriate automatic starting system.
Instant Start
When the lamp is first switched on, a
sufficient voltage is applied between the
electrodes to strike the arc without
preheating them. Instant-start lamps start
as soon as current is turned on and
eliminates the need for external starters.
They have single-pin bases which are
called slim-line lamps.
Rapid Start
are the most recent developments and
the one that is most widely used. Rapid-
start lamps use low-resistance electrodes
which can be heated continuously with
low current loses. These are the only
fluorescent lamps that can be electrically
dimmed or flashed. They start as quickly
as the instant-start lamps; require no
external starters; and the ballasts are
smaller and more efficient.

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING

6.1 General

6.2 Incandescent Lamps

6.3 R and PAR Lamps

6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps

6.5 Fluorescent Lamps

6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps

6.8 High-Pressure Sodium

Lamps

6.9 Ballasts

6.10 Luminaires

6.11 Classification of
Luminaires

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
6.6 Mercury Vapor 6.7 Metal Halide
Lamps Lamps
6.1 General

6.2 Incandescent Lamps contains mercury vapor in a clear a modification of the mercury vapor
quartz arc tube, which when with an arc of improved color. In
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
electrically excited, produces visible addition to mercury, the arc tube
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps light of characteristically blue-green contains metallic vapors such as
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
color. It is suitable only for limited indium iodide, thallium iodide, or
industrial areas, general outdoor sodium iodide. It possesses
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps applications and street lighting. therefore increased light output,
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps improved color rendition without the
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium use of phosphors, and small source
Lamps size.
6.9 Ballasts

6.10 Luminaires

6.11 Classification of
Luminaires

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
6.8 High-Pressure 6.9 Ballasts
Sodium Lamps
6.1 General

6.2 Incandescent Lamps are the newest addition to the HID

6.3 R and PAR Lamps
field. Its arc tube is made of high-
density polycrystalline alumina an
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps contains a mixture of primarily
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps sodium.
are auxiliary equipment for
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps fluorescent and HID lamps which
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
limits the amount of current in the
lamp and provides the proper
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium starting voltages. A power factor is
Lamps
frequently listed with each ballast
6.9 Ballasts description. The low power factor
6.10 Luminaires ballast is cheap and inefficient; while
the high power factor ballast has a
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires capacitor* which improves its
efficiency.
6.12 Lighting Systems
*CAPACITOR An electric component which
6.13 Lighting Methods
consists of conducting plates insulated from
6.14 Factors which will each other by a layer of dielectric material;
Achieve Desirable Seeing introduces capacitance into a circuit.
Conditions Capacitance is the quantitative measure of the
electric-energy storage capability of a capacitor;
6.15 Lighting Terms usually measured in farads or microfarads.
 5.0 LIGHTING

6.1 General

6.2 Incandescent Lamps

6.3 R and PAR Lamps

6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps

6.5 Fluorescent Lamps

6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps

6.8 High-Pressure Sodium

Lamps

6.9 Ballasts

6.10 Luminaires

6.11 Classification of
Luminaires

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
6.10 Luminaires Ceiling-Mounted Downlights
(Or Lighting Fixtures)
6.1 General

6.2 Incandescent Lamps is the device which supports the

source or sources of electric light
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
and redirects or helps to control the
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps light rays from the source. Control of
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
the rays is necessary to secure even
distribution, to avoid glare, to cut-off
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps direct rays to the eyes, and
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps eliminates disturbing reflection of the
rays from polished surfaces.
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps

6.9 Ballasts

6.10 Luminaires

6.11 Classification of
Luminaires

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
Spotlights Pendants

6.1 General

6.2 Incandescent Lamps

6.3 R and PAR Lamps

6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps

6.5 Fluorescent Lamps

6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps

6.8 High-Pressure Sodium

Lamps

6.9 Ballasts

6.10 Luminaires

6.11 Classification of
Luminaires

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
Wall Lights Task and Table Lights

6.1 General

6.2 Incandescent Lamps

6.3 R and PAR Lamps

6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps

6.5 Fluorescent Lamps

6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps

6.8 High-Pressure Sodium

Lamps

6.9 Ballasts

6.10 Luminaires

6.11 Classification of
Luminaires

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
Floor Lights Fluorescent Fittings

6.1 General

6.2 Incandescent Lamps

6.3 R and PAR Lamps

6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps

6.5 Fluorescent Lamps

6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps

6.8 High-Pressure Sodium

Lamps

6.9 Ballasts

6.10 Luminaires

6.11 Classification of
Luminaires

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
Oddities Exterior Lights

6.1 General

6.2 Incandescent Lamps

6.3 R and PAR Lamps

6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps

6.5 Fluorescent Lamps

6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps

6.8 High-Pressure Sodium

Lamps

6.9 Ballasts

6.10 Luminaires

6.11 Classification of
Luminaires

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
6.11 Classifications
of Luminaires
6.1 General
1. Indirect
6.2 Incandescent Lamps 90% to 100% of the light
output is directed towards
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
the ceiling and upper
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps walls of the room.

6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 2. Semi-indirect

60% to 90% of the light is
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
directed upwards; 40% to
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 10% downwards.

6.8 High-Pressure Sodium 3. General diffuse or

Lamps direct-indirect
provides approximately
6.9 Ballasts
equal distribution of light
6.10 Luminaires upwards and downwards.

6.11 Classification of 4. Semi-direct

Luminaires 60% to 90% of light is
directed downwards;
6.12 Lighting Systems
while 40% to 10% is
6.13 Lighting Methods directed upwards.

6.14 Factors which will 5. Direct

Achieve Desirable Seeing 90% - 100% of the light
Conditions
output is directed
6.15 Lighting Terms downwards
 5.0 LIGHTING
6.12 Lighting Systems

6.1 General 1. Cornice Lighting

a system where light sources are
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
shielded by a panel parallel to the
6.3 R and PAR Lamps wall and attached to the ceiling to
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps distribute light downwards over the
wall. This is considered as direct
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
lighting.
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps

2. Cove Lighting
a system where light sources are
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium shielded by a ledge to distribute light
Lamps
upwards over the ceiling and upper
6.9 Ballasts wall. It is a form of indirect lighting.
6.10 Luminaires
3. Valance Lighting
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires a system where light sources are
shielded by a panel parallel to the
6.12 Lighting Systems
wall usually across the top of a
6.13 Lighting Methods window. This provides light both
6.14 Factors which will
upwards and downwards over the
Achieve Desirable Seeing wall.
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
6.13 Lighting Methods 3. Combined Local and General
Lighting (sometimes called
6.1 General 1. Local Lighting Localized Lighting)
method which employs lamps at provides sufficient general lighting to
6.2 Incandescent Lamps illuminate various objects in the
definite points where light is
6.3 R and PAR Lamps specially needed producing pools of room and at the same time furnishes
light mingled with areas of shadows. additional local lamps at desks,
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
It is the very opposite of uniform reading tables, showcases and other
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
illumination. The location of lamps in equipment needing additional
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps this method usually depends upon illumination
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
the position of furniture or the
position of activity areas.
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
2. General Lighting
6.9 Ballasts this method strives for diffused light
6.10 Luminaires and uniform intensity over an entire
area. The lamps are evenly spaced
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires without regard to furniture location
and are provided with reflectors,
6.12 Lighting Systems
baffles or diffusing prisms to prevent
6.13 Lighting Methods glare, harsh shadows and uneven
6.14 Factors which will
illumination.
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
6.14 Factors which 2. Quality of Light
will Achieve
Light Distribution depends upon:
6.1 General
Desirable Seeing
6.2 Incandescent Lamps Conditions Uniformity
freedom from variations of illumination in a
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
room or space. Absolute uniformity signifies
1. Intensity of Illumination same intensity throughout and it is not
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
intensity of light required will depend always practicable to attain. A deviation of
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps upon the tasks involved as follows 25% from the average intensity cannot be
detected by the eye, and is considered an
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
a) for casual work, as in conferencing, acceptable maximum.
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps interviewing and inactive filing 10 to 30 fc
Diffusion
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
b) for moderate work, as in intermittent filing refers to the number of directions and angles
Lamps from which illuminating rays proceed. Good
and general clerical work 30 to 50 fc
diffusion is obtained when light falls upon a
6.9 Ballasts
c) for prolonged work, as in active filing, matte or satin surface from a variety of
6.10 Luminaires index referencing and mail sorting 50 to directions thus eliminating shadows and
100 fc streaks of brilliancy. Poor diffusion results
6.11 Classification of from illumination from one direction only thus
Luminaires causing visual confusion because of distorted
d) for precision work, as in accounting,
auditing, tabulating, bookkeeping, business highlights and shadows
6.12 Lighting Systems
machine operation, reading poor
6.13 Lighting Methods reproductions and rough layout drafting
100 to 150 fc
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions e) for fine precision work, as in cartography,
designing and detail drafting 150 to 200 fc
6.15 Lighting Terms
 5.0 LIGHTING
Absence of Glare
Glare is defined as the effect of brightness in
the field of vision which causes annoyance or
6.1 General discomfort, or in worse cases, interferes with
seeing. When the glare is caused by light
6.2 Incandescent Lamps sources in the field of vision, it is known as
direct glare or disability glare. When glare
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
is caused by the reflection of a light source in
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps a viewed surface, it is known as reflected
glare or discomfort glare.
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
Bare lamps or brilliant fixture globes should
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
never be in the line of sight from any point in
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps the room. An angle of 45 deg. between the
horizontal and the line of sight (line from the
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium lamp to the eye) is generally accepted as the
Lamps greatest permissible angle.
6.9 Ballasts
Color of Light
6.10 Luminaires depends upon the type of lamp chosen.
Incandescent lamps provide yellow light;
6.11 Classification of although there are many other colors
Luminaires depending upon the color of their glass
6.12 Lighting Systems
bulbs. Fluorescent lamps have the greatest
variety of colors ranging from daylight to
6.13 Lighting Methods bluish white and even pinkish white. Color is
also used to enhance certain qualities. For
6.14 Factors which will example, de luxe FL lamps are used to
Achieve Desirable Seeing
enhance food in restaurants.
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
6.15 Lighting Terms 4. Reflectance
also called reflection factor; it is the
6.1 General 1. Absorption ratio of light reflected by a surface to
Loss of light when light rays strikes the light falling upon it.
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
or traverses any medium. The ratio
6.3 R and PAR Lamps of light absorbed by a material to the 5. Transmission
light falling upon it is called the is the passage of light through a
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
absorption factor or absorptance. medium when light falls upon a
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps transparent material. It is refracted
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 2. Diffuse Reflection (bent) as it passes through the
a beam of light is reflected diffusely, material but emerges at the same
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
that is, its ray is scattered in all angle that it entered. When passing
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium directions, if it strikes a rough or through a translucent material, such
Lamps
matte surface. as plastic, and the emerging rays
6.9 Ballasts are spread in all directions, it is
3. Specular Reflection called diffused transmission.
6.10 Luminaires
a beam of light is specularly
6.11 Classification of
reflected when a light ray striking a 6. Transmittance
Luminaires
shiny or glossy surface at an angle also called transmission factor; it is
6.12 Lighting Systems
of incidence is reflected as the same the ratio of light transmitted to light
6.13 Lighting Methods beam with equal angle of reflection. striking the surface.
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

 5.0 LIGHTING
7. Accent Lighting 12. Luminance Ceiling
directional lighting to emphasize a a false ceiling of diffusing material
6.1 General
space or an object. with light sources mounted above

6.2 Incandescent Lamps 8. Down Light 13. Filter

6.3 R and PAR Lamps a fixture producing concentrated device which changes either amount
direct lighting from a single bulb. It or color, or both. of light passing
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
may be recessed in or mounted on through it.
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps the ceiling
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 14. Dimmer
9. High Hat a device to control the amount of
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
a term often applied to a can-type of light by reducing the voltage or the
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium recessed incandescent downlight. current; also called a rayostat.
Lamps

6.9 Ballasts 10. Eye Ball 15. Capacitor

recessed or semi-recessed lighting An electric component which
6.10 Luminaires
unit with a rotating spherical element consists of conducting plates
6.11 Classification of that may be turned to project light in insulated from each other by a layer
Luminaires
any direction. of dielectric material; introduces
6.12 Lighting Systems capacitance into a circuit.
6.13 Lighting Methods 11. Lumiline Capacitance is the quantitative
a tubular fluorescent lamp with a measure of the electric-energy
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
disc base at each end. storage capability of a capacitor;
Conditions usually measured in farads or
6.15 Lighting Terms
microfarads.
 5.0 LIGHTING
Lighting Symbols

6.1 General

6.2 Incandescent Lamps

6.3 R and PAR Lamps

6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps

6.5 Fluorescent Lamps

6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps

6.8 High-Pressure Sodium

Lamps

6.9 Ballasts

6.10 Luminaires

6.11 Classification of
Luminaires

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions

6.15 Lighting Terms

LIGHTING

END