Introduction to

Remote Sensing

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
Image: NASA 2005

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ND GIS Users Workshop .
2005
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Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
 .

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Landsat

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
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ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 1-
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ND GIS Users Workshop
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 :

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ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 - )(3

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ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 - 4

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ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 5 67

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ETM
Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005

Principal application ( ) Band
Spectral
range
Coastal water mapping 0.45-0.52 TM1

Soil/vegetation differentiation 0.52-0.60 TM2

Green reflectance by healthy vegetation 0.63-0.69 TM3

Chlorophyll absorption for plant species

differentiation
0.76-.90 TM4

Water body delineation and vegetation moisture
measurement
1.55-1.75 TM5

Plant heat stress, mineral prospect ion, other

thermal
ND GISmapping
Users Workshop 10.4-12.5 TM6
Bismarck,
ND October
- 24-26,

2005
Hydrothermal mapping
 Important Expirations
Parallel

Magnetic

Field
Electric Filed
Superspectral
Hyperspectral
Permanent
Haze
Wave length
Electromagne
tic wave
ND GIS Users Workshop . :
Band
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Important Expirations
Action

Interaction

Extension

Formatting data

Platform

Revisit Period

Overlap

Gap

Spatial resolution

Target

Optical Interpretation

Ground-based

Swath = ground track

In adjacent

Temporal resolution
ND GIS Users Workshopresolution

Landsat = medium
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 There are four Diminution in the natural : -
1 Diminution : Distance and Its symbol is (X).
2 Diminution : Area and Its Symbol is (X,Y).
3 Diminution : Volume and Its Symbol is (X,Y,Z).
4 Diminution : Volume during time and the changes which happen to
it.

Expirations : -

Aerial photography
Oblique
Panchromatic
Flight line
Stercoscopic viewing
ND GIS Users Workshop
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Multispectral
NOAA-AVHRR (1100 m)
GOES (700 m)
MODIS (250, 500, 1000 m)
Landsat TM and ETM (30 60 m)
SPOT (10 20 m)
IKONOS (4, 1 m)
Quickbird (0.6 m)
ND GIS Users Workshop
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 1100m

80m

30m

15m

20m

10m
ND GIS Users Workshop
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
Lillesand & Kiefer
Sensor # pixels/band
IKONOS 1m 10 billion
IKONOS 4m 625 million
SPOT 10m 100 million
SPOT 20m 25 million
TM 30m 11 million
MSS 80m 1.6 million
AVHRR 1km ~8200
AVHRR 4km ~550
ND GIS Users Workshop
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 AVHRR (Advanced Very High
Resolution Radiometer) NASA

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 GOES (Geostationary
Operational Environmental
Satellites) IR 4

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 MODIS (250 m)

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Landsat TM
(False Color Composite)

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 SPOT (2.5 m)

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 QUICKBIRD (0.6 m)

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 IKONOS (4 m Multispectral)

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 IKONOS (1 m Panchromatic)

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 RADAR
(Radio Detection and Ranging)

Image: NASA 2005

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 LIDAR
(Light Detection and Ranging)

Image: Bainbridge Island,

WA courtesy Pudget Sound
LIDAR Consortium, 2005

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005

Elements of Image
Interpretation


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ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005

Elements of Image
Interpretation
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ND GIS Users Workshop
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Elements of Image
Interpretation
Shape:1-
Many natural and human-made features
have unique shapes.

Often used are adjectives like linear,

curvilinear, circular, elliptical, radial,
square, rectangular, triangular,
hexagonal, star, elongated, and
amorphous.
ND GIS Users Workshop
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Shape

Jensen (2000)

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Elements of Image
Interpretation
Shadow:2-
Shadow reduction is of concern in remote
sensing because shadows tend to obscure
objects that might otherwise be detected.
However, the shadow cast by an object may
be the only real clue to its identity.
Shadows can also provide information on
the height of an object either qualitatively
or quantitatively.
ND GIS Users Workshop
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Shadow

Jensen (2000)

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Elements of Image
Interpretation
Tone and Color: 3-
A band of EMR recorded by a remote sensing
instrument can be displayed on an image in
shades of gray ranging from black to white.
These shades are called tones, and can be
qualitatively referred to as dark, light, or
intermediate (humans can see 40-50 tones).

Tone is related to the amount of light

reflected from the scene in a specific
wavelength interval (band).
ND GIS Users Workshop
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Tone and Color

Jensen (2000)
ND GIS Users Workshop
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Elements of Image
Interpretation
Texture: 4-
Texture refers to the arrangement of tone or
color in an image.
Useful because Earth features that exhibit
similar tones often exhibit different textures.

Adjectives include smooth (uniform,

homogeneous), intermediate, and rough
(coarse, heterogeneous).
ND GIS Users Workshop
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Texture

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26, Jensen (2000)
2005
 Elements of Image
Interpretation
Pattern: 5-
Pattern is the spatial arrangement of objects
on the landscape.

General descriptions include random and

systematic; natural and human-made.

More specific descriptions include circular,

oval, curvilinear, linear, radiating, rectangular,
etc.
ND GIS Users Workshop
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Pattern

ND GIS Users Workshop Jensen (2000)

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Elements of Image
Interpretation
Height and Depth: 6-
As discussed, shadows can often offer clues to
the height of objects.
In turn, relative heights can be used to
interpret objects.

In a similar fashion, relative depths can often

be interpreted.
Descriptions include tall, intermediate, and
short; deep, intermediate, and shallow.
ND GIS Users Workshop
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Height and Depth

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Elements of Image
Interpretation
Association:7-
This is very important when trying to
interpret an object or activity.

Association refers to the fact that certain

features and activities are almost always
related to the presence of certain other
features and activities.

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 Association

Jensen (2000)

ND GIS Users Workshop

Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 ND GIS Users Workshop
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005
 ND GIS Users Workshop
Bismarck, ND October 24-26,
2005