Op Amps

Electronic Devices
Ninth Edition
Floyd
Chapter 12
Electronic Devices, 9th edition 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
Summary
Operational Amplifers
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are very high gain dc

coupled amplifiers with differential inputs. One of the inputs
is called the inverting input (); the other is called the
noninverting input. Usually there is a single output.
Most op-amps operate from plus and minus
supply voltages, which may or may not be +V
shown on the schematic symbol.
+
8
20 1 1
8 8
1 1 V
DIP DIP SMT SMT
Summary
The Ideal Op-Amp
The ideal op-amp has characteristics that simplify analysis

of op-amp circuits. Ideally, op-amps have infinite voltage
gain, infinite bandwidth, and infinite input impedance. In
addition, the ideal op-amp has zero output impedance.
Vin Zin = AvVin Vout

Zout = 0
Av =
Summary
The Practical Op-Amp
Practical op-amps have characteristics that often can be

treated as ideal for certain situations, but can never actually
attain ideal characteristics. In addition to finite gain,
bandwidth, and input impedance, they have other limitations.
Vin Zin AvVin Vout

Zout
Summary
Block Diagram
Internally, the typical op-amp has a differential input, a

voltage amplifier, and a push-pull output. Recall from the
discussion in Section 6-7 of the text that the differential
amplifier amplifies the difference in the two inputs.
+
Push-pull
Differential Voltage
amplifier
Vin amplifier amplifier(s) Vout
output
input stage gain stage
stage
Summary
Signal modes
The input signal can be applied to an op-amp in differential-

mode or in common-mode. V in
Vout
Differential-mode signals are +
applied either as single-ended
(one side on ground) or
double-ended (opposite phases
Vin
on the inputs). Vout
+
Differential signals
Summary
Signal modes
The input signal can be applied to an op-amp in differential-

mode or in common-mode. V in

Common-mode signals are
Vout
applied to both sides with the
+
same phase on both.
Vin
Usually, common-mode
signals are from unwanted Vout
sources, and affect both +
inputs in the same way. The Vin
result is that they are Common-mode
essentially cancelled at the signals
output.
Summary
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
The ability of an amplifier to amplify differential signals and

reject common-mode signals is called the common-mode
rejection ratio (CMRR).
Aol
CMRR is defined as CMRR
Acm
where Aol is the open-loop differential-gain
and Acm is the common-mode gain.
Aol
CMRR can also be expressed in decibels as CMRR 20 log
A
cm
Summary
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
What is CMRR in decibels for a typical 741C op-amp?

The typical open-loop differential gain for the 741C is 200,000 and the
typical common-mode gain is 6.3.
Aol
CMRR 20 log
A
cm
200, 000
20 log 90 dB
6.3
(The minimum specified CMRR is 70 dB.)
Summary
Voltage and Current Parameters
VO(p-p): The maximum output voltage swing is determined

by the op-amp and the power supply voltages
VOS: The input offset voltage is the differential dc voltage
required between the inputs to force the output to zero volts
IBIAS: The input bias current is the I1 I 2
I BIAS
average of the two dc currents required 2
to bias the differential amplifier
IOS: The input offset current is the
I OS I1 I 2
difference between the two dc bias
currents
Summary
Impedance Parameters
ZIN(d)
ZIN(d) : The differential input impedance
+
is the total resistance between the inputs

ZIN(cm) : The common-mode input
ZIN(cm)
impedance is the resistance between
each input and ground +
Zout: The output impedance is the

Zout
resistance viewed from the output of the

+
circuit.
Summary
Other Parameters
Slew rate: The slew rate is the maximum rate of change of

the output voltage in response to a step input voltage
Vout
Slew Rate
t Vout (V)
Determine the slew rate for the output
13
response to a step input. 12
0 t
Vout 12 V 12 V
Slew Rate
t 4.0 s 12
13 4.0 s
= 6 V/s
Summary
Negative Feedback
Negative feedback is the process of returning a portion of

the output signal to the input with a phase angle that opposes
the input signal.
The advantage of negative
feedback is that precise values Vin +
Vout
of amplifier gain can be set. In
Vf
addition, bandwidth and input
Internal inversion makes Vf
and output impedances can be 180 out of phase with Vin.
controlled. Negative
feedback
circuit
Summary
Noninverting Amplifier
A noninverting amplifier is a configuration in which the

signal is on the noninverting input and a portion of the
output is returned to the inverting input.
Feedback forces Vf to be equal
+
to Vin, hence Vin is across Ri. Vout
With basic algebra, you can Vin
Rf
show that the closed-loop gain Vf Feedback
of the noninverting amplifier is circuit
Rf Ri
Acl (NI) 1
Ri
Summary
Determine the gain of the noninverting amplifier shown.
Vin +
Rf Vout
Acl (NI) 1
Ri Rf
82 k
82 k
1
3.3 k Ri
3.3 k
= 25.8
Summary
A special case of the inverting amplifier is when Rf =0 and Ri

= . This forms a voltage follower or unity gain buffer with
a gain of 1. V +
in
The input impedance of Vout
the voltage follower is Rf
very high, producing an 82 k
excellent circuit for

Ri
isolating one circuit from 3.3 k
another, which avoids
"loading" effects.
Summary
Inverting Amplifier
An inverting amplifier is a configuration in which the

noninverting input is grounded and the signal is applied
through a resistor to the inverting input.
Feedback forces the inputs to Rf
be nearly identical; hence the
inverting input is very close to Ri
0 V. The closed-loop gain of
the inverting amplifier is Vout
Rf Vin +
Acl (I)
Ri
0 V (virtual ground)
Summary
Inverting Amplifier
Determine the gain of the inverting amplifier shown.

Rf
Rf 82 k
Acl (I)
Ri Ri

82 k 3.3 k
Vout
3.3 k Vin +
= 24.8
The minus sign

indicates inversion.
Summary
Impedances
Noninverting amplifier:
Z in (NI) 1 Aol B Z in Generally, assumed to be
Z out
Z out (NI) Generally, assumed to be 0
1 Aol B
Inverting amplifier:
Z in (I) Ri Generally, assumed to be Ri
Z out
Z out (I) Generally, assumed to be 0
1 Aol B
Note that the output impedance has the same form for both amplifiers.
Summary
Bias Current Compensation
For op-amps with a BJT input stage, bias current can

create a small output error voltage. To compensate for
this, a resistor equal to Ri||Rf is added to one of the inputs.
Rf Rf
Ri

Vout Vout
Ri + Vin +
Rc = Ri || Rf Rc = Ri || Rf
Vin
Noninverting Inverting
amplifier amplifier
Summary
Bandwidth Limitations
Many op-amps have a roll off rate determined by a single
low-pass RC circuit, giving a constant 20 dB/decade down
to unity gain.
Aol (dB)
Op-amps with this 106
Midrange
100
characteristic are
called compensated 75
op-amps. The blue 20 dB/decade roll-off
line represents the 50
open-loop frequency
characteristic (Bode 25
Unity-gain frequency (f T)
plot) for the op-amp. Critical frequency
0 f (Hz)
1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M
Summary
For op-amps with a 20 dB/decade open-loop gain, the closed-loop
critical frequency is given by fc(cl) = fc(ol)(1 + BAol(mid))
The closed-loop critical Av
Open-loop gain
frequency is higher than Aol(mid )
the open-loop critical

frequency by the factor
(1 + BAol(mid)). This
Closed-loop gain
means that you can Acl(mid )
achieve a higher BW by
accepting less gain. For
a compensated op-amp,
Acl f(cl) = Aol fc(ol). 0 fc(ol) fc (cl )
f
. 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Summary
The equation, Acl f(cl) = Aol fc(ol) shows that the product of the gain
and bandwidth are constant. The gain-bandwidth product is also
equal to the unity gain frequency. That is fT = Acl fc(cl), where fT is
the unity-gain bandwidth.
Vin +
The fT for a 741C op amp is 1 MHz.
741C Vout
What is the BWcl for the amplifier? Rf
82 k
Rf
82 k
Acl (NI) 1 1
25.8
Ri 3.3 k Ri
3.3 k
f 1 MHz
BWcl T 38.8 kHz
Acl 25.8
Selected Key Terms
Operational Atypeofamplifierthathasveryhighvoltage
amplifier gain,veryhighinputimpedance,verylow
outputimpedanceandgoodrejectionof
commonmodesignals.
Differential Amodeofopampoperationinwhichtwo
mode oppositepolaritysignalsvoltagesareapplied
tothetwoinputs(doubleended)orinwhicha
signalisappliedtooneinputandgroundtothe
otherinput(singleended).
Commonmode Aconditioncharacterizedbythepresenceof
thesamesignalonbothinputs
Selected Key Terms
Openloop Thevoltagegainofanopampwithoutexternal
voltagegain feedback.
Negative Theprocessofreturningaportionoftheoutput
feedback signaltotheinputofanamplifiersuchthatitis
outofphasewiththeinput.
Closedloop The voltage gain of an op-amp with external

voltagegain feedback.
Gain A constant parameter which is always equal to

bandwidth the frequency at which the op-amps open-loop
product gain is unity (1).
Quiz
1. The ideal op-amp has

a. zero input impedance and zero output impedance
b. zero input impedance and infinite output impedance
c. infinite input impedance and zero output impedance
d. infinite input impedance and infinite output
impedance
Quiz
2. The type of signal represented in the figure is a

a. single-ended common-mode signal
b. single-ended differential signal
c. double-ended common-mode signal
d. double-ended differential signal

Vin
Vout
+
Quiz
3. CMRR can be expressed in

a. amps
b. volts
c. ohms
d. none of the above
Quiz
4. The difference in the two dc currents required to bias the

differential amplifier in an op-amp is called the
a. differential bias current
b. input offset current
c. input bias current
Quiz
5. To measure the slew rate of an op-amp, the input signal is a

a. pulse
b. triangle wave
c. sine wave
Quiz
6. The input impedance of a noninverting amplifier is

a. nearly 0 ohms
b. approximately equal to Ri
c. approximately equal to Rf
d. extremely large
Quiz
7. The noninverting amplifier has a gain of 11. Assume that Vin

= 1.0 V. The approximate value of Vf is
a. 0 V Vin +
Vout
b. 100 mV
Vf Rf
10 k
c. 1.0 V
d. 11 V Ri
1.0 k
Quiz
8. The inverting amplifier has a gain of 10. Assume that

Vin = 1.0 V. The approximate value of the voltage at the
inverting terminal of the op-amp is
a. 0 V Rf
10 k
b. 100 mV Ri

1.0 k
c. 1.0 V Vin
Vout
+
d. 10 V
Quiz
9. To compensate for bias current, the value of Rc should

be equal to
a. Ri Rf
b. Rf Ri

c. Ri||Rf Vout
Vin +
d. Ri + Rf
Rc
Quiz
10. Given a noninverting amplifier with a gain of 10 and a

gain-bandwidth product of 1.0 MHz, the expected high
critical frequency is
a. 100 Hz
b. 1.0 kHz
c. 10 kHz
d. 100 kHz
Quiz
Answers:
1. c 6. d
2. d 7. c
3. d 8. a
4. b 9. c
5. a 10. d

Op Amps

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Electronic Devices

Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are very high gain dc

shown on the schematic symbol.

The Ideal Op-Amp

The ideal op-amp has characteristics that simplify analysis

Vin Zin = AvVin Vout

The Practical Op-Amp

Practical op-amps have characteristics that often can be

Vin Zin AvVin Vout

Internally, the typical op-amp has a differential input, a

The input signal can be applied to an op-amp in differential-

The input signal can be applied to an op-amp in differential-

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio

The ability of an amplifier to amplify differential signals and

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio

What is CMRR in decibels for a typical 741C op-amp?

Voltage and Current Parameters

VO(p-p): The maximum output voltage swing is determined

Zout: The output impedance is the

resistance viewed from the output of the

Slew rate: The slew rate is the maximum rate of change of

Negative feedback is the process of returning a portion of

A noninverting amplifier is a configuration in which the

Determine the gain of the noninverting amplifier shown.

A special case of the inverting amplifier is when Rf =0 and Ri

excellent circuit for

An inverting amplifier is a configuration in which the

Determine the gain of the inverting amplifier shown.

The minus sign

Bias Current Compensation

For op-amps with a BJT input stage, bias current can

line represents the 50

the open-loop critical

. 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.

Closedloop The voltage gain of an op-amp with external

Gain A constant parameter which is always equal to

1. The ideal op-amp has

2. The type of signal represented in the figure is a

3. CMRR can be expressed in

4. The difference in the two dc currents required to bias the

5. To measure the slew rate of an op-amp, the input signal is a

6. The input impedance of a noninverting amplifier is

7. The noninverting amplifier has a gain of 11. Assume that Vin

8. The inverting amplifier has a gain of 10. Assume that

9. To compensate for bias current, the value of Rc should

10. Given a noninverting amplifier with a gain of 10 and a

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