Baedah Madjid

BAGIAN MIKROBIOLOGI FK-

UNHAS
2007
 Sterilization: total inactivation of all forms of
microbial life ability to reproduce
Bactericide: agent to destroy bacteria
Bacteristatic: substance that prevent bacterial growth,
Disinfectant (germicide): agent that kills micro-
organisms capable of producing an infection.
Antiseptic: opposes sepsis or putrefaction by killing
bacteria or preventing their growth. (on living tissue)
Decontamination: get rid of contamination (some of the
microorganisms.
Physical Agents Chemical Agents
1. Heat Mechanisms of action:
- Moist heat
Damage the Cell
- Dry heat
2. Freezing Membrane
3. Radiation Denature Protein
- ultra violet radiation Modify Functional
- ionizing radiation Groups of Proteins and
4. Ultrasonic & Sonic Nucleic Acids.
vibration
5. Filtration
Factors Affecting Disinfectant Potency
Concentration (Cnt = K)
Time of Exposure
pH
Temperature
Nature of the Organisms
Presence of Extraneous materials organic matter:
serum, blood, pus, etc.
 6

g10 jml
kteri 2
ng bertahan
dup setelah 1
manasan
0 D121

-1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
o
Lama pemanasan pada 121 C
 Compounds Name Effects Practical Applic
Surface disinfectants
CATIONIC AGENTS
Quaternary Zephiran Gram-positive Antiseptic
Ceepryn chloride (mostly)
ANIONIC AGENTS Duponal LS Gram-positive
Triton W-30 (Only)
NON-IONIC Tween-80

Phenolic
Cresol Lysol Bactericidal Disinfectant
Creolin Germicidal soap
Diphenyl compound Hexachlorophene Gram-positive Disinfectant
Germicidal soap
Alcohols Ethanol 70% Bactericidal + Disinfectant
spores
 Free H+ & OH- ions undissociated molecule
or altering pH of organisms environment
Compounds Name Effects Practical Applic.
Acids Hydrochloric acid Antibacteria Disinfectant
Benzoic acid l Food preservative
Lactic, citric, Food preservative
acetic, propionic
acids
Alkalies Hydroxide Direct toxic Disinfectant
(metallic cation)
Alcohol Ethanol 70% Bactericidal Disinfectant
+ spores
Acetone Acetone Disinfectant
 Compounds Name Effects Practical Applic .
Heavy metals
Mercurials Mercuric chloride Very toxic Limited use
Metaphen, Less toxic Antiseptics
Merthiolate, Gram-pos &
Mercurochrome neg, fungi, yeast,
algae
Silver compound Phenylmercury salts Bactericidal Control contami-
Silver nitrate 1% Agents nation of Pseudo-
monas & others
Prophylaxis of
ophthalmia neona-
torum

Oxidizing
HALOGENS Betadine, Jodium Germcide Skin Disinfectant
Iodine ticture Germcide Disinfectant
Chlorine (Sunklin)
HYDROGEN PER- H2O2 3% Damage DNA Food preservative
OXIDE Wound cleaning
 Compounds Name Effects Practical Applic .

Dyes
Triphenylmethae Malachite green Gram-positive Staining, medium
dyes Cristal violet Gram-positive Staining
Acridine dyes Proflavine Synthesis of Wound antiseptics
Nucleic acid

Alkylating agents
Formalin (sol. 3%) All organisms Disinfetant
Formadehyde Paraformaldehyde (Irreversible) Latex gloves
(solid 91-99%)
Gas 10 x formal- For rooms,
Glutaraldehyde dehyde fabrics, instr.
Gas All bacteria Disinfectant for
Ethylene oxide Endoscopic instr.
A. Dry heat
a. Hot air oven: metal/glass, powders, oils
b. Flaming : loops/se, glass object
c. Incineration incinerator: medical trash
B. Moist Heat
Boiling water : 100oC
Steaming: 100oC
Autoclaving: 125oC, 15 atmosphere
Pasteurization: 72
C for 15 seconds milk
Tyndalization
 protein denaturation & coagulation

Moist Heat Dry Heat

Temperature Time (min ) Pressure Time (min)

121oC 15 15 -
126oC 10 20 -
134oC 3 30 -
140oC - 180
150oC - 150
160oC - 120
170oC - 60
 Freezing : preserving
Repeated freezing & thawing bacterial
destruction.
In freezing: formation of ice crystals outside
the cells withdraw water from the cell
interior intracellular electrolyte
concentration & protein denaturation
damage of cell membrane.
A. Ultraviolet radiation
B. Ionizing radiation
Sunlight : spontaneous sterilization occur
under natural condition.
Effects of Radiation: inactivation of molecule
by rays energy absorbed by molecule.
UV: bactericide
Energy content of Ionizing radiations >>> than
UV radiation
Lethal & mutagenic agent
Lethal dose: for non-spore-forming bacteria 1800
6500 W/cm2. Bacterial spores required 10 X more
Bactericidal effect: wavelength of 240-280 nm
wavelength of 260 nm lethal but can not penetrate the
glass or water.
Practical use: to control air-borne infection for
operating rooms or hospital wards, biological safety
cabinet (laminar flow)
 Lethal effects: most pathogenic non-spore-forming
bacteria
Products by :
a. radioactive decay: , , rays
b. x-rays,
c. particle bombardment
d. Nuclear reactor
Practical applications:
- Sterilizingdose : 2.5 Mrad most resistance microorgn
- radiation of cobalt 60 : pharmacy and medicine, catgut,
nylon sutures, disposable medical and medical supplies.
 Sound vibration (20 to 1000 kc) disrupting
cells.
Ultrasonic waves more effective as the frequency
is
increased.
Effects:
Disintegrating cells & H2O2 formation
Depolymerization of macromolecules
The most susceptible: gram negative rods
The most resistance Staphylococcus : require
long
period exposure.
Sterilization: heat-labile materials (lab)
Mechanisms:
Electrostatic & absorption phenomena
Physical construction of filters
Types:
Old types : Berkefeld, Chamberland,
Seitz
Membrane filters : porous disks of
cellulose
 Pore size: 14-0.023 m.
Most widely used: 0.023 m.
Practical used: serum, plasma, etc.
Two-dimensional screen.
Mechanisms:
a. Particles > pore : retained on filter surface
b. Particle < pore: retained by van der Waals

forces.