Satellite Communications

ECE ELECTIVE.
Satellite
Communications
ECE Elective
Satellite Communications
Remson Mark C. Macawile, ECE

Satellite (Telecommunications) an object put
into orbit around Earth or any other planet in order
to relay communications signals or transmit
scientific data.
Angle of Elevation is the angle subtended by
the direction of travel of an electromagnetic wave
radiated from an earth station antenna pointing
directly toward a satellite and the horizontal plane.
Apogee point in a satellite orbit located farthest
from Earth.
Perigee point in a satellite orbit located closest
to Earth.
ECE ELECTIVE. Satellite

Communications
A. GENERAL TYPES OF SATELLITES
1. Astronomical satellites are satellites used for
observation of distant planets, galaxies, and other
outer space objects.
2. Communication satellites are artificial satellites
stationed in space for the purposes of
telecommunications using radio at microwave
frequencies. Most communications satellites use
geosynchronous orbits or near-geostationary orbits,
although some recent systems use low Earth-orbiting
satellites.
3. Weather satellites are satellites that primarily
are used to monitor the weather and/or climate of the
Earth.
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4. Navigation satellites are satellites which use
radio time signals transmitted to enable mobile
receivers on the ground to determine their exact
location accurately on the order of a few metres in real
time.
5. Reconnaissance satellites are Earth
observation satellite or communications satellite
deployed for military or intelligence applications.
6. Earth observation satellites are satellites
specifically designed to observe Earth from orbit,
similar to reconnaissance satellites but intended for
non-military uses such as environmental monitoring,
meteorology, map making etc.
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7. Solar power satellites are proposed satellites
built in high Earth orbit that use microwave power
transmission to beam solar power to very large
antenna on Earth where it can be used in place of
conventional power sources.
8. Biosatellites are satellites designed to carry
living organisms, generally for scientific
experimentation.
9. Miniaturized satellites are satellites of
unusually low weights and small sizes. New
classifications are used to categorize these satellites:
minisatellite (500-200 kg), microsatellite (below 200
kg), nanosatellite (below 10 kg).
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B. KEPLERS LAW the law concerning the
motions of planet formulated by Johannes Kepler.
1. First Law the orbit of a planet around the sun is an
ellipse.
2. Second Law (Law of Areas) a straight line from
the planet to the center of the sun sweeps equal areas
in equal time intervals as it goes around the orbit; the
planet moves faster when closer to the sun and slower
when distant.
3. Third Law (Law of Periods or Harmonic Law) -
the square of the period (in years) for on revolution
about the sun equals the cube of the mean distance
from the suns center, measured in astronomical units.

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B. KEPLERS LAW
The square of the periodic time of orbit is proportional to
the cube of the mean distance between the primary and
the satellite.
Astronomy Satellite
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where:
MD = mean distance
P = orbital period
A = constant
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C. SATELLITE ORBITAL PATTERNS
1. Polar Orbit satellite rotates in a path that
takes it over the North and South poles in an
orbit perpendicular to the equatorial plane.
2. Equatorial Orbit satellite rotates in an

orbit directly above the equator, usually in a
circular path.
3. Inclined Orbit virtually all orbit except

those that travel directly above the equator or
directly over the North and South poles.
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D. SATELLITE ELEVATION CATEGORY
Comparison between Different Elevation
Categories
Orbit Typical Operating Optical Availability
Height (mi) Frequency Period
(GHz)
LEO 100 300 1.0 2.5 1.5 hrs. 0.25 hrs.
MEO 6,000 1.22 1.66 6 12 hrs. 2 4 hrs.
12,000
GEO 19,000 2 18 24 hrs. 24 hrs.
25,000

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E. GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
Parameter Value
Altitude 19,322 nmi,
22,000 smi,
36,000 km
Period 23 hr, 56 min, 4.091 s
Orbit Inclination 0
Velocity 6879 mi/h
Coverage 42.5% of earths surface
Number of satellites 3 for global coverage (120
apart)
Subsatellite point On the equator
Area of no coverage Above 81 north and south
latitude

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F.
EARTH STATION DESIGN PARAMETERS
1. Antenna Look Angles
Angle of Elevation (AOE) the angle
subtended, by the direction of travel of an
electromagnetic wave radiated from an earth
station antenna pointing directly toward a
satellite and the horizontal plane.

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F. EARTH STATION DESIGN PARAMETERS
1. Antenna Look Angles
Azimuth Angle the horizontal pointing
angle of an earth station antenna generally
referred to true north.

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F.
2. Slant Distance the Line-of-Sight (LOS)
distance between an earth station antenna and
the satellite
Where:
= Angle of elevation in degrees
= cos-1 [ cos cos ]
= Latitude of Earth station antenna
= Difference in longitude between an Earth station antenna and sub-
satellite point
h = Satellite HEIGHT in km
R = Earths radius = 6378 km
Az = Azimuth angle in degrees

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3. Orbital Height (Vertical Height) the
average distance of satellite above the surface
of the earth.
General Alternate Solution
Solution

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4. Orbital Period the period of time that it
takes a satellite to rotate around the earth.
General Solution Alternate Solution

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5. Orbital Velocity the apparent velocity of a
satellite as it rotates around the earth.
General Alternate Solution
Solution km/s m/s
Where:
T = orbital period in sec v = orbital velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity H = satellite height in km
= 9.81 m/s = 0.00981 km/s2 R = earths radius
gR2 = gravitational constant = 6378 km
= 4x105 km3/s2

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F.
6. Propagation Time (One-way) the amount
of time it takes a signal to reach the satellite
after it leaves the earth station antenna or vice-
versa.
7. Propagation Delay (Two-way) the

amount of time that elapsed after the signal
reaches the receiving earth stations after it was
transmitted by an earth station.

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Reminder
In some books propagation delay is the same as
round-trip propagation time.
Free Space Loss
Where:
FSL = Free Space Loss in dB
f = Frequency in GHz
d = Distance in km
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For Your Information
The average distance of an earth station from a
geostationary satellite is between 36,000 to
42,000 km
The average propagation time for a geostationary
satellite is between 120 ms to 140 ms
The average round-trip propagation delay for a
geostationary satellite is between 240 ms to
280 ms
The approximate free space loss (at 6 GHz) for a
geostationary satellite is between 199.1 dB to
200.4 dB

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G. SATELLITE FOOTPRINTS
Footprint or footprint map is the geographical
representation of a satellite antennas radiation
pattern.
Footprint Summary
Beam Coverage Area
Spot Beam 10% of earths Domestic coverage
Zonal Beam surface
Hemispheric Beam 20% of earths Regional coverage

surface
Global Beam 42% of earths Earth coverage
surface (using 17
beamwidth)

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H. EARTH STATION SYSTEM PARAMETERS
1. Bit Energy the amount of energy carried
by a single bit of information.
Expressed in General Solution Alternate Solution

Joules/bps
dBJ
dBJ or
or dBW/bps
dBW/bps

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2. Noise Density is the noise power
normalized or present in a 1-Hz bandwidth
Expressed in General Solution Alternate Solution

Watts/Hz
dBW/Hz
dBm/Hz

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H.
EARTH STATION SYSTEM PARAMETERS
3. Carrier-to-Noise Density Ratio the ratio
between the average wideband carrier power to
noise density
Expressed in General Solution
unitless
unitless
dB
dB
System Carrier-to-Noise Density Ratio

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4. Energy Per Bit-to-Noise Density Ratio

unitless
unitless
dB
dB

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5. Gain-to-Equivalent Noise Temperature
Ratio a figure of merit used to represent the
quality of a satellite or an earth station receiver
i. Usual Approach

unitless
unitless
dB
dB

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ii. Considering the antenna noise
temperature
unitless
unitless
dB
Where:
ALNA = Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) gain
Ar = receiving antenna gain
l = loss in feedline & antenna
Ta = effective noise temperature of antenna & feedline
= 290 (l 1 ) + Tsky

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I. SATELLITE ACCESSING TECHNIQUES
1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) a
method of multiple earth stations accessing technique
where a given RF bandwidth (typically 500 MHz) is
divided into smaller frequency bands (36 MHz) called
subdivisions.
i. Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) each

subdivision carrier only one 4-kHz voice band
channel.
ii. Multiple Channel Per Carrier (MCPC) several

voice band channels are frequency-division
multiplexed together to form a wider subdivision.
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Fixed-assignment multiple access (FAMA)
the assignment of capacity is distributed in a
fixed manner among multiple stations.
Demand-assignment multiple access
(DAMA) capacity assignment is changed as
needed to respond optimally to demand
changes among the multiple stations.

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2. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
each earth station is allotted a fixed time slot
(called EPOCH) within a TDMA frame, occupying
essentially the entire wideband frequency
spectrum for the allocated time.
3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

referred to as Spread Spectrum Multiple Access;
transmission can spread throughout the entire
allocated bandwidth. Each earth stations
transmission is encoded with a unique binary word
called CHIP code.
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CDMA Techniques (Spread Spectrum)
Direct Sequence (DSSS) DS spread
spectrum is produced when a bipolar data-
modulated signal is linearly multiplied by the
spreading signal in a special balanced
modulator called spreading correlator.
Frequency Hopping (FHSS) a form of
CDMA where a digital code is used to
continually change the frequency of the carrier
Hybrid DS/FH combination of direct
sequence and frequency hopping.
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J. COMPARISON BETWEEN NAVSTAR GPS
AND RUSSIAN GLONASS
Parameter NAVSTAR/GPS GLONASS
Planned 21 + 3 21 + 3
Constellation
Number of orbit 6 3
Orbital Altitude 10,898 nmi 10,313 nmi
Orbital Period 12 hrs 11 hrs 15 min
Orbital 55 64.8
Inclination
Access Method CDMA FDMA
C/A Code 1,023 bits 511 bits
C/A Code BW 2 MHz 1 MHz
Bit Rate 50 bps 50 bps

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1. Calculate the approximate height of a GEO
satellite using Keplers Third law (A =
42241.0979; P = 0.9972)
A. 35,784.21 km
B. 35,874.12 km
C. 35,487.21 km
D. 35,478.12 km

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1. Calculate the approximate height of a GEO
satellite using Keplers Third law (A =
42241.0979; P = 0.9972)
A. 35,784.21 km
B. 35,874.12 km
C. 35,487.21 km
D. 35,478.12 km

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2. Calculate the elevation angle, azimuth and
slant range between the TVRO site (38.8N
latitude, 77W longitude) and Hughes Galaxy
satellite that is in a geo-stationary orbit at
134W longitude above the equator.
= 16.8, Az =247.8, d = 40,115.2 km
= 16.8, Az =247.9, d = 40,105.2 km
= 16.8, Az =247.9, d = 40,105.5 km
= 16.7, Az =247.9, d = 40,100.2 km

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2. Calculate the elevation angle, azimuth and
slant range between the TVRO site (38.8N
latitude, 77W longitude) and Hughes Galaxy
satellite that is in a geo-stationary orbit at
134W longitude above the equator.
= 16.8, Az =247.8, d = 40,115.2 km
= 16.8, Az =247.9, d = 40,105.2 km
= 16.8, Az =247.9, d = 40,105.5 km
= 16.7, Az =247.9, d = 40,100.2 km

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3. Determine the orbital period and orbital
velocity of a satellite located 15,000 km above
the surface of the earth.
A. T = 8.63 hrs, v = 4,323.38 m/s
B. T = 8.64 hrs, v = 4,333.38 m/s
C. T = 8.64 hrs, v = 4,323.38 m/s
D. T = 8.64 hrs, v = 4,223.38 m/s

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3. Determine the orbital period and orbital
velocity of a satellite located 15,000 km above
the surface of the earth.
A. T = 8.63 hrs, v = 4,323.38 m/s
B. T = 8.64 hrs, v = 4,333.38 m/s
C. T = 8.64 hrs, v = 4,323.38 m/s
D. T = 8.64 hrs, v = 4,223.38 m/s

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4. Calculate the propagation time, propagation
delay, and FSL for a geo-stationary satellite
located directly above an earth station antenna
with an operating frequency of 12 GHz.
A. Ptime = 120 ms, Pdelay = 240 ms, FSL = 215.1
dB
B. Ptime = 120 ms, Pdelay = 230 ms, FSL = 205.2
dB
C. Ptime = 110 ms, Pdelay = 240 ms, FSL = 205.1
dB
D. Ptime = 120 ms, Pdelay = 240 ms, FSL = 205.1
dB
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4. Calculate the propagation time, propagation
delay, and FSL for a geo-stationary satellite
located directly above an earth station antenna
with an operating frequency of 12 GHz.
A. Ptime = 120 ms, Pdelay = 240 ms, FSL = 215.1
dB
B. Ptime = 120 ms, Pdelay = 230 ms, FSL = 205.2
dB
C. Ptime = 110 ms, Pdelay = 240 ms, FSL = 205.1
dB
D. Ptime = 120 ms, Pdelay = 240 ms, FSL = 205.1
dB
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5. In satellite communications system, for a total
transmit power of 500 watts, determine the
energy per bit for a transmission rate of 50 Mbps
expressed in dBW.
A. -40 dBW/bps
B. -35 dBW/bps
C. 30 dBW/bps
D. -45 dBW/bps

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5. In satellite communications system, for a total
transmit power of 500 watts, determine the
energy per bit for a transmission rate of 50 Mbps
expressed in dBW.
A. -40 dBW/bps
B. -35 dBW/bps
C. 30 dBW/bps
D. -45 dBW/bps

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6. For an equivalent noise bandwidth of 10 MHz
in a satellite system and noise power of 0.0290
pW, determine the noise density in dBW.
A. -204.53 dBW/Hz
B. -205.53 dBW/Hz
C. -206.54 dBW/Hz
D. -207.54 dBW/Hz

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6. For an equivalent noise bandwidth of 10 MHz
in a satellite system and noise power of 0.0290
pW, determine the noise density in dBW.
A. -204.53 dBW/Hz
B. -205.53 dBW/Hz
C. -206.54 dBW/Hz
D. -207.54 dBW/Hz

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7. For a satellite communication channel, the
uplink C/No ratio is 80 dB/Hz. And the downlink
value is 90 dB/Hz. Calculate the overall C/No
ratio in dB/Hz.
A. 79.856 dB/Hz
B. 79.685 dB/Hz
C. 79.586 dB/Hz
D. 79.395 dB/Hz

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7. For a satellite communication channel, the
uplink C/No ratio is 80 dB/Hz. And the downlink
value is 90 dB/Hz. Calculate the overall C/No
ratio in dB/Hz.
A. 79.856 dB/Hz
B. 79.685 dB/Hz
C. 79.586 dB/Hz
D. 79.395 dB/Hz

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8. A coherent binary phase shift keyed BPSK
transmitter operates at a bit rate of 20 Mbps
with a carrier-to-noise ration C/N of 8.8 dB. Find
the Eb/No.
A. 6.6 dB
B. 4.4 dB
C. 5.5 dB
D. 8.8 dB

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8. A coherent binary phase shift keyed BPSK
transmitter operates at a bit rate of 20 Mbps
with a carrier-to-noise ration C/N of 8.8 dB. Find
the Eb/No.
A. 6.6 dB
B. 4.4 dB
C. 5.5 dB
D. 8.8 dB

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9. A receiving antenna with a G/T of 25 dB is
used to receive signals from a satellite 38,000
km away. The satellite has a 100-watt
transmitter and an antenna with a gain of 30
dBi. The signal has a bandwidth of 1 MHz at a
frequency of 12 GHz. Calculate the C/N at the
receiver.
A. 38 dB
B. 53 dB
C. 22 dB
D. 47 dB

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9. A receiving antenna with a G/T of 25 dB is
used to receive signals from a satellite 38,000
km away. The satellite has a 100-watt
transmitter and an antenna with a gain of 30
dBi. The signal has a bandwidth of 1 MHz at a
frequency of 12 GHz. Calculate the C/N at the
receiver.
A. 38 dB
B. 53 dB
C. 22 dB
D. 47 dB

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10. Calculate the G/T of a receiving antenna with
a gain of 38 dB and looks at the sky with a noise
temperature of 15 K if the loss between the
antenna and the LNA input, due to feedhorn, is
0.5 dB, and the LNA has a noise temperature of
38 K.
A. 18.15 dB
B. 18.16 dB
C. 18.17 dB
D. 18.18 dB

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10. Calculate the G/T of a receiving antenna with
a gain of 38 dB and looks at the sky with a noise
temperature of 15 K if the loss between the
antenna and the LNA input, due to feedhorn, is
0.5 dB, and the LNA has a noise temperature of
38 K.
A. 18.15 dB
B. 18.16 dB
C. 18.17 dB
D. 18.18 dB

Communications

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ECE ELECTIVE.

Remson Mark C. Macawile, ECE

ECE ELECTIVE. Satellite

ECE ELECTIVE. Satellite

2. Equatorial Orbit satellite rotates in an

3. Inclined Orbit virtually all orbit except

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General Solution Alternate Solution

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7. Propagation Delay (Two-way) the

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Free Space Loss

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Hemispheric Beam 20% of earths Regional coverage

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Expressed in General Solution Alternate Solution

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Expressed in General Solution Alternate Solution

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System Carrier-to-Noise Density Ratio

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Expressed in General Solution

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Expressed in General Solution

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i. Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) each

ii. Multiple Channel Per Carrier (MCPC) several

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3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

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