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Chapter 1
Elements and Limitations of Communication Systems
2 message categories:
Input Output
signal signal
source destination
Input Communication Output
transducer system transducer
Converts message to an
electrical signal, ex.
Microphone, speaker
Elements of a communication system
1. transmitter process input signal to produce a transmitted signal suitable for
transmissions channel characteristics.
2. transmission channel electrical medium that bridges the distance from source to
destination.
Ex. Pair of wires, coaxial cable, radio wave or laser beams
3. Receiver operates on the output signal from the channel in preparation for delivery
to the transducer at the destination.
Operations:
Amplification
Decoding
Demodulation
filtering
Block Diagram of A Communication System with Noise
Using electricity:
1837 SamuelFinley Breese Morse invented the workable telegraph
1838 1948 - Morse process the patent and was granted
- used electromagnetic induction which transfer dots, dashes and spaces usin
metallic wire
1876 Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson invented the telephone
1894 Marchese Guglielmo Marconi transmit wirelessly
1906 Lee deForest invented the triode vacuum tube for amplification of signals
1920 Radio station KDKA began broadcasting using AM in Pittsburgh, Pensylvan
1931 Major Edwin Howard Armstrong patented the FM
1935 commercial broadcasting of monophonic FM
Technological Transmission Advances
Satellite
communicatio
1960s ns deployed
FACTORS THAT MAKE TELECOM DIFFICULT
Industry Forums:
ATM Forums, DSL Forums, etc..
- Manufacturers and carriers common
positions of equipment and standards
Telcordia
-also known as
Bellcore
- Common
standards and
procedures for
local carriers with
U.S.
LAWS THAT DRIVE TECHNOLOGY
The potential difference (voltage) across an
Ohms ideal conductor is proportional to the current
through it
decibel
- measure ratios
- measure magnitude of earthquakes, i.e., Richter scale measures the intensity o
earthquake relative to a reference intensity
- measure intensity of acoustical signals in dB-SPL (SPL sound pressure level, i
zero dB-SPL the threshold of hearing)
10 dB-SPL sound of rustling leaves
120 140 dB-SPL sound produced by a jet engine
120 dB-SPL threshold of pain
- measure power ratios
- used to avoid using excessively large or extremely small numbers
- transmission-measuring unit
P1
dB 10 log ( 10 )
P
2 Where P1 power level 1 (watts)
P2 - power level 2 (watts)
To measure power gain or loss
Pout
AP( dB ) 10 log ( 10 )
Pin
Negative (-) dB output power is less than input power, power loss
Positive (+) dB output power is more than input power, power gain
Bm unit of measurement used to indicate the ratio of a power level with respec
fixed reference level (1mW)
1mW average power produced by a telephone transmitter across a 600 ohm
load which can be used until today for 50-,75-,600-,900-,124- & 300-ohm
load
P
dBm 10 log l ( 10 )
0.001W
where 0.001 - reference power of 1 mW
P any power in watts
ple: Given a three-stage system comprised of two amplifiers and one filter, the
put power is 0.1mW, the absolute power gains are: Ap1 = 100, Ap2 = 40, Ap3=0
etermine (a) the input power in dBm, (b) output power (Pout) in watts and dBm,
) the dB gain of each of the three stages, and (d) the overall gain in dB.
olution:
The input power in dBm is
0.0001
Pin( dBm ) 10 log ( 10 ) 10dBm
0.001W
b. Output power:
Pout 0.1mW 100 40 0.25 100mW
100mW
Pout( dBm ) 10 log 20dBm
1mW
c. dB value of the three gains are:
1.Simplex SX
1.one way
2.Duplex DX
1.two way
half-duplex one at a time
full duplex simultaneous
Fundamental Limitations
2 Kinds of Constraints:
Channel Capacity:
C B log 1 S N
Hartley-Shannon Law
Modulation and Coding
2 components:
1. modulating signal
2. carrier signal
1. AM Amplitude modulation
2. FM Frequency Modulation
3. PM Phase Modulation
Modulation Benefits & Applications:
Main Purpose generate a modulated signal suited to the
characteristics of the transmission channel
Practical Benefits:
Ex. f = 100 Hz
c 300 x10 6
3 x10 6 and
f 100
l
1
10
3 x10 6 300km antenna length
Overcome hardware limitations
B
fractional bandwidth where B Bandwidth and
fc fc center frequency
the lower the fractional bandwidth, the lower the hardware costs and
complications
fractional bandwidth should be within 1-10%
for multiplexing
BW coded
kBW uncoded where k no. of binary digits