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Figure 11.1
Organization of the Nervous System
Central nervous system
(CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
Integration and
command center
Peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
Paired spinal and
cranial nerves
Carries messages to
and from the spinal
cord and brain
Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division
Brain
Spinal cord
Organization of the Nervous System
Figure 12.6
CNS Protection
Hair, skin, cranium
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood brain barrier
Meningeal Layers
Meningeal layer of the brain cushion
and protect delicate neural tissue
Figure 9-4b
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Shock absorbing
medium
Provides a optimum
and stable
environment for
generating nerve
impulses
Provides a medium for
the exchange of
nutrients and wastes
between blood and
nervous tissue
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Formed by selective transport across ependymal cells
Volume 125-150 ml and is replaced > 3 times/day, flow
maintained by 10 mmHg pressure gradient
Path: ventricles subarachnoid space, reabsorbed into blood
in dural sinuses through arachnoid villi
Blood Brain Barrier
Extensive capillaries & sinuses
Tight junctions promoted by astrocyte
Limits permeability for most molecules except O2, CO2, alcohol, steroids,
H2O
Protects brain: hormones & circulating chemicals
Protects CNS from chemical fluctuations
Prevents entry of harmful substances
Prevents entry of molecules that could act as neurotransmitters
Brain receives 15% of blood pumped by heart
Brain responsible for about half of bodys glucose consumption
Membrane transporters move glucose from plasma into the brain
interstitial fluid
Cerebral cortex
Cerebral cortex
Basal nuclei
(lateral to thalamus)
Basal nuclei
Thalamus
(medial) Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Brain stem
Brain stem Pons (midbrain, pons,
and medulla)
Medulla Spinal cord
Major Functions
Brain component
1. Sensory perception
Cerebral cortex 2. Voluntary control of movement
3. Language
4. Personality traits
5. Sophisticated mental events, such as thinking memory,
decision making, creativity, and self-consciousness
Figure 9-15
Brain Function: Cerebral Lateralization
Each lobe has special functions
Figure 9-16
Cerebral Cortex
Schematic Linking of
Various Regions of the
Cortex
Basal Nuclei
Act by modifying ongoing
activity in motor pathways
Primary functions
Regulates muscle tone
throughout the body
Selecting and maintaining
purposeful motor activity while
suppressing useless or
unwanted patterns of
movement
Helping monitor and
coordinate slow, sustained
contractions, especially those
related to posture and support
Controls large automatic
movement
Thalamus
Final relay point for
ascending sensory
information
Coordinates the
activities of the
cerebral cortex and
basal nuclei
Domain-specific
information
processing
http://www.driesen.com/diencephalon.htm
Hypothalamus
Receives indirect sensory
inputs from all sensory
systems
Sends neural outputs to
various motor control
nuclei
Sends neural outputs to
sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous
systems
Sends both neural and
hormonal outputs to
pituitary
Hypothalamus
Controls somatic motor activities at the subconscious
level
Controls autonomic function
Coordinates activities of the endocrine and nervous
systems
Secretes hormones
Produces emotions and behavioral drives
Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions
Regulates body temperature
Coordinates circadian cycles of activity
4Fs: feeding, fighting, fleeing, and reproductive behavior
Limbic System
Cingulated gyrus
Coordinates sensory input with
emotions
Emotional responses to pain
Basic, inborn behavioral patterns
related to survival and perpetuation
of the species
Regulates aggressive behavior
Hippocampus - sends memories out to
the appropriate part of the cerebral
hemisphere for long-term storage and
retrieving them when necessary, Plays
important role in motivation and
learning
Amygdala - involved in emotional
responses, hormonal secretions, and
memory,
Cerebellum
Basic functions: coordination, balance, motor learning, etc.
Vestibulocerebellum balance and control of eye movement
Spinocerebellum enhances muscle tone and coordinates skilled
voluntary movement important in synchronization and timing
Receives input concerning desired action from motor cortex
Receives feedback concerning actual action from proprioceptors, vestibular
apparatus, eyes
Compares inputs and sends adjustments or corrective signals to motor tracts
Cerebrocerebellum planning and initiation of voluntary activity by
providing input to the cortical motor areas also involved in procedural
memories
Brain Stem: Midbrain, Pons & Medulla
An important link between spinal cord and higher brain levels, relays motor and
sensory impulses between other higher parts of the brain and spinal cord
Midbrain eye movement control
Pons/Medulla
Signal relay
Involuntary functions
Many cranial nerves enter
Pyramids nerve tracts crossover
Cranial Nerves
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Figure 9-8
Neural Reflexes: Overview
Stimulus
Sensory receptor
Sensory (afferent) neuron
CNS integration
Efferent (motor) neuron
Effector (target tissue)
Response (movement)
Feedback to CNS
Neural Reflex