Structure Analysis - I

Lecture 01
 Lecture Outlines
Introduction
History of Structural Engineering
Forms of Structures
Materials
Loads

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 Introduction
STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING

1ST YEAR 2ND YEAR 3RD YEAR 4TH YEAR

ENGG. STRUCTURE STRUCTURE STRUC.

MECHANICS Analysis I Analysis II ENGG.

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 History of Structural
Engineering
Why history is important?
One reason why history is important it
that the past has value to our society.
History is the narrative of mankind.
History when presented properly lends
itself to critical analysis.

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 History of Structural
Engineering
Greek and Egyptian Temples
Made of stone
Employed beams and columns
Many columns having little useful space
between them

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Greek temple built 2500 years ago

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Greek temples of Poseidonia (now called Paestum)
dating from the sixth century BC.
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The Temple of Debod built in early 2nd century BC

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Egypt: Temples of Karnak built 2000 years ago

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 History of Structural
Engineering
Arch structures were discovered prior
to Roman era.
Roman Empire used arches
extensively in construction.
Stone arches had span of 100 ft and
more

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The Colosseum is one of Rome's most distinctive
landmarks. Construction of this famous amphitheatre
began in 72 AD.

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 Arches

Aqueducts

Aqueduct at Segovia in eastern Spain

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The arch of Costantino built in 312 AD
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 History of Structural
Engineering
From A.D. 500 to A.D.1500,
structures that were built continued
to employ the stone arch as the
major structural forms.
Gothic Cathedrals
Roof was supported by flying buttresses

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 Flying
Buttress
Cathedral
from North
East
Chichester

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 Flying
Buttress

Cathedral
from South
East
Chichester

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 History of Structural
Engineering
Fifteenth and Sixteenth centuries are known
as Renaissance.
Galileo (1564-1642)
Concept of force and moments
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
Law of linear behavior of materials
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Laws of motion
Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)
Buckling of columns
Palladio
introduced the use of truss
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 GALILEO ROBERT HOOKE

ISSAC NEWTON LEONHARD EULER PALLADIO

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 History of Structural
Engineering
Modern Era
Introduction of Iron
Industrial Revolution
First major structure built or iron was
Severn River Bridge Coalbrookdale.
Suspension bridges
Thomas Telfords Bridge over Menai
Straits in Wales,
Brunels Clifton Bridge in Bristol,
Finleys Bridge over Merrimack River in
Newburyport, Massachusetts.
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Iron bridge, a cast-iron arch bridge built in 1779 across the
River Severn near Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England
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Thomas Telford built the suspension bridge in the middle in 1826. They had
to destroy some of the castle to anchor it to the rock.

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Isambard Kingdom Brunel designs the Clifton Suspension Bridge at
Bristol. Two hundred feet above the River Avon, the bridge is 700 feet
long.
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 History of Structural
Engineering
Rank Building - City - Country Year Stories Height

1. Burj Dubai, Dubai, UAE 2008 189* 850m*

2. Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan 2004 101 509m

3. Petronas Tower 1, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1998 88 452m

4. Petronas Tower 2, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1998 88 452m

5. Sears Tower, Chicago, USA 1974 110 442m

6. Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, China 1999 88 421m

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 Forms of Structures

Structural Forms

Cables Arches Trusses Beams

Surfaces

Membranes Plates Shells

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 Cables
Cables stretch well and are light, so
they are useful in large structures.
They only take tension stresses.
Cables can be crisscrossed and
combined with surface materials to
achieve light and large structures.
Examples of this technique are
Suncoast Dome and Georgia Dome in
the United States
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 Hanger Tower
Cable

Cable Road Way

Anchorage

Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco

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 Cables
Grace Memorial Bridge over the Cooper
River
Between Charleston, South Carolina (USA) and
Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, stands the Grace
Memorial Bridge.
Completed in 1929, the cantilever steel structure
has a main span of 1050 ft., or 320 m. and a
total length of 3.6 miles or 5.79 Kilometers.
A parallel bridge, with a similar design but a
shorter main span, was built in 1966. This
allowed the old bridge to be converted to one-
way traffic.

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Grace Memorial Bridge over the Cooper River
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 Arches
An arch is a curved structure capable of
spanning a space while supporting
significant weight (e.g. a doorway in a
stone wall).
The arch is significant because, in theory at
least, it provides a structure which
eliminates tensile stresses in spanning an
open space.
All the forces are resolved into compressive
stresses.
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Chinese Moon Bridge
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Made by Zhao1974 in Hebei Province, China. Built by the
architect Li Chun from 595 to 605 AD. World's oldest fully-
stone, open-spandrel, segmental arch bridge.
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 Triangular Arch Round Arch Segmental Arch

Rampant Round Lancet Arch Shoulder Flat Three-Foiled

Arch Arch Cusped Arch

Equilateral
Pointed Arch 35
Horseshoe Arch Three-centered Elliptical Arch
Arch

Inflexed Arch Ogee Arch Reverse Ogee Tudor Arch

Arch

Parabolic Arch 36
 Truss
In architecture and structural engineering,
a truss is a structure comprising one or
more triangular units constructed with
straight slender members whose ends are
connected at joints.
A plane truss is one where all the
members and joints lie within a 2-
dimensional plane, while a space truss
has members and joints extending into 3
dimensions.

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 Truss
All members are assumed in axial
compression or tension.
Members are joined with the help of
frictionless pins.
Loads are applied at joints only.

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 Types of Trusses

Common Truss Flat Truss Truncated Truss

It is characterized by It gets its name from A combination of the

its triangular shape. its parallel top and two is a truncated
bottom chords. truss.
It is most often used
for roof construction. It is often used for It is used in hip roof
floor construction. construction.

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Support structure under the Auckland Harbour Bridge.
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 A Vierendeel bridge; note the lack of diagonal elements in the
primary structure and the way bending loads are carried between
elements 41
 Beams
A beam is a structural element that
carries load primarily in bending
(flexure).
Beams generally carry vertical
gravitational forces but can also be used
to carry horizontal loads (i.e. loads due
to an earthquake or wind).
The loads carried by a beam are
transferred to columns, walls, or girders,
which then transfer the force to adjacent
structural compression members.

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 Beams
It requires only vertical supports at
ends generally.
It is a compact structure.
Its disadvantage is that it sometimes
uses materials less economically
than other structural systems.

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 Surfaces

Surfaces

Membranes Plates Shells

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Membranes
Thin sheets of
material

Resist applied loads

by tension.

Examples are tents,

sails, balloons etc

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Plates
Plates are flat
surfaces that
transfer loads by
bending in a
manner similar to
beams.

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 Shells
Shell is rigid surface
that transfers loads
in two directions.
The primary
difference between a
plate and a shell is
that the shell has
curvature whereas TWA Flight Center, John F. Kennedy
the plate does not. International Airport, New York.

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 Materials
Properties
of Material

Deformation
Strength
Characteristics

Strengt
Comp.
h to Stiff Elastic Ductile
Tension
weight
Resist.
ratio

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 Materials
Aggregates
Steel
Concrete
Wood
Aluminum
Fiber Glass
Composite Materials etc.

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 Loads

Loads Loads

Dynamic
Static Loads Dead Live
Loads

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 Loads Building
Live Loads

Bridge Live
Loads

Earthquake
Live Loads Loads

Snow
Loads

Wind
Loads
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