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Power Applications
Overview
Introduction
Communication Needs of Power System
Communication Technologies
Existing Communication Systems
Challenges
Future Trends
2
Introduction
Communications is the enabling technology for
Power System
No single communication technology as being
best suited for all power system needs
Requirements must consider type, source,
amount, frequency, and delivery requirements of
data/voice transmitted
3
Communication Needs of Power
System
Reliability
Cost effectiveness
Capacity to handle data rates
Adequate to meet response requirements
Ability to reach identified areas of power system
Ease of operation and maintenance
Security (of data and of control actions)
4
Communication Reliability
Reliable communication with respect to:
Exposure to severe environment
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Transient EMI (lightning, faults)
Outage of transmission lines
Power outages
Radio paths obstructed or attenuated (by
buildings or foliage)
5
Cost Effectiveness
Communication system costs are significant
High cost of communication system may become
an impediment
Evaluate both first cost and lifetime operation and
maintenance costs
Look for best trade-off between total costs and
overall performance
6
Capacity to handle data rates
Perform data rate audit of present & upcoming schemes
Analyze each function
Determine bit rate required to perform the function
Consider worst case scenarios
Each communications system has a bandwidth limit
There should be at least enough bandwidth along each
path to meet data requirements
A good margin allows for future growth and increased
system flexibility
7
Ability to meet response requirements
Response requirements (measured in sec.) are distinct
from data rate requirements (measured in kb/s or Mb/s),
and must be met independently.
8
Ability to Reach Areas of Power System
Difficult Terrain
Communications that rely on the power line may
have difficulty
During outage of line
Extreme weather conditions
Terminal equipment in outage areas may require
backup power for long durations
9
Ease of Operation and Maintenance
A communications system is a complex
combination of transmitters, receivers, and data
links
Manpower not trained and not familiar with
communications equipment
Personnel trained for new skills involved ?
New tools acquired ?
Use standardized components and
communication protocols
10
Security of data and control actions
Power System communication
Data & Voice have critical
importance.
Communication security is a
necessity.
11
Security of data and control actions
12
Security of data and control actions
Maintaining the security of
communications between
the control center and field
devices is one of the most
urgent problems facing
todays control environment.
13
Communication Technologies
14
Power Line Carrier
Communication(PLCC)
Power Lines used for point to point communication
Terminal equipments used to send/receive data/voice
Works on audio band width 20 to 20 KHz
Carrier 30 KHz to 500 KHz
15
Typical PLCC Arrangement for S/C LINE
PHASE-GROUND COUPLING
E/W CKT-I E/W
R R
Y Y
B B
CVT/CC
CVT/CC
CD CD
PLCC
PLCC
PLCC
PLCC
Coupling Types in PLCC System
17
PLCC---Uses
Voice communication
Tele-control
Tele-protection
SCADA data from RTU
18
PLCC---Pros
Easy availability
Cost effective
Ease of operation & maintenance
19
PLCC--- Cons
Limited bandwidth(4 KHz)
Data speeds up to only 1200 Bauds possible
Prone to Noise & Interference
Effect of weather conditions-frost, high pollution etc
Depends on physical connectivity of power lines
Needs government approval for carrier freq selection
Not suitable for todays needs of automation like SAS,
remote control etc.
20
Fiber Optic Communication
Fiber optic cable functions as a "light guide," guiding the light introduced at one end of the cable
through to the other end. The light source can either be a light-emitting diode (LED) or a laser. Using
a lens, the light pulses are funneled into the fiber-optic medium where they travel down the cable.
22
Fiber Optic (Contd..)
Pros:
Fast becoming common in utilities for voice and
data transmission
Offer many advantages
extremely high data transmission rates
immunity from electromagnetic interference
24
VSAT Communication
Geo-synchronous satellite
36,000 km
NETWORK
MANAGEMENT
CENTER
UTILITY
SHARED HUB
CONTROL
CENTER
VSATs
26
VSAT (contd..)
Various frequency bands:
C-band (4/6 GHz), Ku-band (12/14 GHz),Ka-band(30/20 GHz)
Advantages
Near-universal coverage
Good reliability
Fast installation
Disadvantages
Cost
Transmission delays
27
Mobile Communication
Several competing technologies
Use of control channel on analog AMPS (Advanced
Mobile Phone Service), 800 MHz
CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data)
The field is rapidly evolving (2G 3G)
Currently, most applications are for AMR
Recently also being offered for applications in
feeder automation
Potentially holds the promise of economical and
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wide-spread coverage
Tele-Control Protocols
IEC 60870-5-101 protocol (from RTU to Control Center
communication
IEC 60870-6-502 ( ICCP) protocol (between two Control Canters)
IEC 60870-5-103 protocol (for communication between IEDs in a
Substation)
IEC 60870-5-104 protocol
MODBUS Protocol ( MFTs)
DNP 3.0 Protocol (Serial)---Master Station
DNP 3.0 Protocol (TCP/IP)---Master Station
IEC 61850 protocol (for Substation Automation)
Tele-Control Protocols
The Present SCADA systems use
RLDC
Wide Band
Commn
(MW / FO)
SLDC SLDC
Wide Band
Commn
Sub-LDC Sub-LDC
Wide Band /
PLCC Commn
RTU RTU RTU
SCADA : Data communication architecture
TFE TFE
computer computer
Panel Panel
Multi-port multi-Port
Stallion Stallion
Adapters adapters
Splitter
Modem
Modem Modem
Modem
RTU
RTU RTU
INTER-SITE communications
Protocol management
ICCP within Open Access
Gateway
Data acquisition and transfer to
other center(s)
Indirect remote control (from / to
other control centers)
SCADA/
ICCP Server
ICCP
Other Sites/ICCP Server
RTU Connectivity
Normal RTU LAN-B Critical RTU LAN-B
LAN-A
LAN-A
S
M M
M
M M
M
RTU RTU
Interface for RTUs reporting to Control Centre
speech
speech
Interface for RTU reporting to Control Centre via
Tandem
PLCC/Wideband Link & Wideband Links
RTU Location Wideband Node
Data(Fsk
Modem Data(Fsk )
PLCC PLCC
) Analo
Analo
RTU g
g
Speech Primary 1
Control Centre Speech
Mux 2
Speech 1 Primary Radi Radi
3 Require
o o
2 Mux
-- Modem
3
Mode -
m --
Mode 29
m Sub 28 Radio 64 kbps Sub
Mode 30 Mux
Mux Link
m 29
30
4 x E- 4 x E- RTU at Wideband
1 1
Node
RTU Through MICROWAVE
RADIO RADIO
CFE MUX TX / RX TX / RX MUX RTU
OLTE
CFE MUX OLTE MUX RTU
Technology %Usage
Power Line Carrier 50
Analog/digital Micro wave 15
Fiber Optic 30
GSM/GPRS <1
V-sat 5
WIDEBAND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR EASTERN REGION
Bodhgaya Hajipur Lalganj
ORISSA
Sub LDC JHARKHAND BIHAR Mujaffarpur
Budhipadar Manpur
Hatia
Atari
Rajgir
Jeypore(CS)
Bamra SLDC Fatuha
Sub LDC Ranchi SLDC
Jayanagar Biharshariff Patna
Bargaon (BSEB) Tower # 313
Biharshariff ( Repeater Shelter )
U/G
Therubali (CS)
Kahalgaon (CS )
Kutra
Chainpal Backup
Burdwan PDT
SLDC 30M
Kamakhyanagar Belmuri
Bhubaneswar Jeerat
Naupada 100M Sub LDC
60M
Mathkargola NBU
Backup SLDC India -
Barchana 64 KBPS Backup
Howrah PDT Bhutan
Jajpur
Duburi Backup Siliguri (CS) border at
Town 64 KBPS
Vidyut 90 km
Bhavan DVC HQ Kasba
LEGEND:- : Under Ground Fibre
Microwave Link with Station :
Microwave Repeater Station : ERSCC 100M
Fibre Optic Link with Station : : RTCC link between Jey- Dgp For Indrvati
Calcutta
Monitoring Centre : & Jeypore RTU & Backup link
Challenges
Indian Power networks growing faster, larger & more
complex.
Data communication needs to be much faster catering
to smart grid initiatives being taken up.
With faster, smarter & innovative technologies, data
security to be addressed adequately.
All radio communication to be replaced with fibre optic
network by Dec.,2011 as per GOI decision.
45
Future Trends
Smart grid technologies driving communication needs.
High speed fibre optic networks need of the hour.
Increasing use of internet as the mechanism for data
communication.
Main thrust on security issues with use of web based
technologies.
Introduction of Service oriented architecture(SOA) will
need high band width networks.
46
Future Trends (contd..)
Growing insistence on adherence to
communication standards.
Possible application of cellular digital packet
data radio technologies.
47
Thank You
Devendra Kumar
DGM,ERLDC