Am Broadcasting

BROADCAST
ENGINEERING
AND ACOUSTICS
BROADCASTING
OBJECTIVES
Milestone of Broadcasting
History of Broadcasting in the Philippines
Radio Broadcasting and Governing bodies
AM Broadcast Standard
OBJECTIVES
MILESTONE OF BROADCASTING
BROADCAST means to send out in all directions
RADIO BROADCASTING is the transmission of

MODULATED VIDEO AND/OR AUDIO SIGNAL
to the PUBLIC using the ATMOSPHERE as the
communications MEDIUM.
MILESTONE IN BROADCASTING
In 1906 he was the first to do

a Christmas Eve broadcast to
ships at sea from
Massachusetts. He played "O
Holy Night" on his violin and
read passages from the Bible.
Reginald Aubrey Fessenden

MILESTONE IN BROADCASTING
THE MOST PROLIFIC AND

INFLUENTIAL INVENTOR IN
RADIO HISTORY
1914 - REGENERATIVE
CIRCUIT while he was an
undergraduate
1918 - SUPER HETERODYNE

RECEIVER
1922 - SUPER-of
Inventor modern
REGENERATIVE CIRCUIT (FM)
frequency modulation
radio transmission.
Edwin Howard Armstrong

OBJECTIVES
HISTORY OF BROADCASTING IN THE PHILIPPI
ISTORY OF BROADCASTING IN THE PHILIPPPIN
1922
1st Radio Station
MRS. REDGRAVE, an American, began test
broadcasting from NICHOLS AIR FIELD with a FIVE-
WATT transmitter.
2nd Radio Station
KZKZ (729 kHz AM),
a 50-WATT station was
founded by HENRY
HERMANN, owner of the
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY
COMPANY IN MANILA.
1924
KZ CALL SIGN
Assigned to all radio stations in the
Philippines in accordance with the laws of the
USA
KZKZ was upgraded to a 100-WATT
station. The station was sold to the RADIO
CORPORATION OF THE PHILIPPINES.
1926
RCP began constructing TWO OF THE
LARGEST RADIO STATIONS IN ASIA with the
idea of maintaining direct MANILA-SAN
FRANCISCO service. After Philippine
independence, it changed its callsign to DWKZ,
but changed in 1960 to DZCA (1170).
1929
RCP launched KZRC in Cebu broadcasting
with a 100-watt transmitter, but was later sold
to store owner ISAAC BECK (Its now DYRC
owned by the Manila Broadcasting
Company).
FRANCISCO KOKO TRINIDAD

Originally, as a colony of
the USA, four letter call signs
beginning with KZ-- were in
use.
Francisco Koko Trinidad,

known as the FATHER OF
PHILIPPINE
BROADCASTING attended
the International
Telecommunications Union
(ITU) in 1947, held in Atlantic
City in the US.
FRANCISCO KOKO TRINIDAD

In that conference,
Trinidad insisted the change
of KZ to RP for
REPUBLIC OF THE
PHILIPPINES.
The union rejected it and

allow the Philippines to use
the letter D
(DEUTSCHELAND), the
German name of Germany.
Later, all radio

stations in Luzon
DW-LUZON were required to
DZ-MANILA change their first
two call letters from
DW to DZ.
DY-VISAYAS
DX-MINADAO
DURING MARTIAL LAW (1972-1981)
RADIO VERITAS and

RADYO BANDIDO was was
formed as an instrument of
change, Catholic Church
owned it to mobilized People
power against Marcos military
power.
OBJECTIVES
RADIO BROADCASTING AND GOVERNING BOD
RADIO BROADCASTING AND GOVERNING BODIE
TYPES OF RADIO BROADCASTING SYSTEM
AM BROADCASTING
MEDIUM FREQUENCY (MF) 300kHz to 3000kHz

GROUNDWAVE
VERTICALLY POLARIZED
OMNIDIRECTIONAL
FM BROADCASTING
VERY HIGH FREQUENCY (VHF) 30MHz to 300MHz

SPACEWAVE
HORIZONTAL POLARIZED
CIRCULARLY POLARIZED
TV BROADCASTING
VHF AND UHF 30MHz to 3000MHz

SPACEWAVE
CIRCULARLY POLARIZED
INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING
HIGH FREQUENCY (HF) 3MHz to 30MHz

SKYWAVE
VERTICALLY POLARIZED
HORIZONTALLY POLARIZED
UNIDIRECTIONAL
UMBER OF RADIO BROADCAST STATION IN THE PHILIPP
1000
900
800
700
600
AM
500
FM
TV
400
300
200
100
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
RADIO BROADCASTING GOVERNING BODIES
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (FCC)
The Federal Communications Commission is a

part of the US FEDERAL GOVERNMENT that
regulates WIRED AND WIRELESS communications.
The FCC gives out blocks of the radio spectrum to
companies, regulates call signs and the airwaves,
manages the content being sent and regulates
safety laws and new products.
The FCCs rules and regulations are

located in Title 47 of the Code of Federal
Regulations.
Radio Broadcast Services Chapter I,

Subchapter C, Part 73 (73.1 to 73.8000)
.
Subpart A AM Broadcast Stations (KBP I)

B FM Broadcast Stations (KBP II)
C Digital Audio Broadcasting
D Noncommercial Educational FM Broadcast Stations
E Television Broadcast Stations (KBP III)
F International Broadcast Stations
G Low Power FM Broadcast Stations
H Rules Applicable to All Broadcast Stations
I Procedures for Competitive Bidding and for Applications for Non Commercial Educational
dcast Stations on Non-reserved Channels
J Class A Television Broadcast Stations
K Application and Selection Procedures for Reserved Noncommercial Educational Channels,
for Certain Applications for Noncommercial Educational Stations on Non-reserved
nnels
L Incorporated Standards
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU)
The ITU is a division of the UNITED NATIONS

which manages International Communications. They
have the power to regulate international
communication laws, communication between
countries and give countries prefixes.
3 SECTORS AND THEIR FUNCTION
Regulation (ITU-R)
spectrum management and coordination
Standardization (ITU-T)
ITU Recommendations
Development (ITU-D)
assistance to developing countries
ITU GOVERNING BODIES
PLENIPOTENTIARY CONFERENCE
Constitution and Convention of ITU
COUNCIL
policies and strategy
coordination role
WORLD CONFERENCES
to negotiate agreements serving as basis
for operation of global telecoms services
Radiocommunication Conferences, e.g.
WRC-2000
WORLD RADIOCOMMUNICATION CONFERENCES

(WRC)
Held every 2-3 years; task is to revise as
necessary the RRs international treaty governing
use of spectrum and GSO and non-GSOs; such
changes are necessary because of new
developments (e.g. new mobile systems, HAPS) for
which spectrum has to be found and increasing
demands for existing services (e.g. mobile-satellite
systems using LEOs).
ITU-R STUDY GROUPS
Groups of experts from ITU

membership
Draft technical bases for WRCs (and
RRCs)
Draft Recommendations
technical characteristics
operational procedures
Compile Handbooks
Radiocommunication Assembly
ITU-R STUDY GROUPS
SG 1: Spectrum management
SG 3: Radiowave propagation
SG 4: Fixed-satellite service
SG 6: Broadcasting service
SG 7: Science services
SG 8: Mobile services
SG 9: Fixed service
ITU-R STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS

BO Satellite delivery
BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television
BS BROADCASTING SERVICE (SOUND)
BT BROADCASTING SERVICE (TELEVISION)
F Fixed service
M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services
P RADIOWAVE PROPAGATION
RA Radio astronomy
RS Remote sensing systems
S Fixed-satellite service
SA Space applications and meteorology
SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service syste
SM Spectrum management
SNG Satellite news gathering
TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions
V Vocabulary and related subjects
ITU-R STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS

NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION COMMISSION (NTC)

TheNational Telecommunications Commission is an
attached agency of theDEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION
AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (DICT) responsible
for the supervision, adjudication and control over all
telecommunications services throughout the country.
Created under Executive Order No. 546 promulgated on

July 23, 1979.
NTC is currently headed by Commissioner Gamaliel
Cordoba.
NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION COMMISSION (NTC)
FUNCTIONS
Grant certificates of Public convenience and
Necessity/Provisional Authority
Grant licenses
Allocate/sub-allocate and assign frequencies
Type-approve/type-accept all radio communications
equipment
Conduct radio communications examination
Prepare, plan and conduct studies for policy and regulatory
purposes
Monitor operation
Enforce applicable domestic and international laws, rules and
regulations
KAPISANAN NG MGA BRODKASTER SA PILIPINAS (KBP)
Foremost broadcast media

organization in the Philippines,
composed of owners and
operators of radio and
television stations (Regular
Members) and the radio and
television stations themselves
(Associate Members).
RADIO BROADCAST STANDARD
In the formulation of technical standards for

domestic broadcasting, the most important
considerations must include:
1. Prevention of harmful signal

interferences.
2. Provision for better signal

quality.
3. Properly utilize the broadcast

OBJECTIVES
AM BROADCAST STANDARD
AM BROADCAST STANDARDS
MF BROADCAST STATION
A station LICENSED for an AURAL OR SOUND

TRANSMISSIONs by amplitude modulation (AM) intended
for RECEPTION by the GENERAL PUBLIC and operating
on a channel in the MF BAND.
MF BROADCAST BAND
The band of frequencies from 526.5kHz to 1705.5

kHz (535kHz to 1705 kHz)
MF BROADCAST CHANNEL
The BAND OF FREQUENCIES occupied by the

CARRIER AND TWO (2) SIDEBANDS of an AM Broadcast
signal with the carrier frequency at the center with
increments of 9 kHz (10kHz)
with 131 (117) total number of carrier
NOTE: Geographically co-located stations must be spaced

at least 3 channels apart for sideband interference
protection)
AM CHANNEL AND
STATION
Channel Computation
nth channel = 531 kHz + (n-1) 9 kHz
531 kHz = carrier/center frequency of the first channel

9 kHz = spacing between the carrier of two consecutive
channels
AM CHANNEL AND
STATION
Station Computation (for Metro Manila)
nth station = 558 kHz + (n-1) 36

kHz
558 kHz = carrier/center frequency of the first station

36 kHz = spacing between the carrier of two consecutive
station/ 3 channel separation between stations
AM CHANNEL AND
STATION
Channel No.
Carrier
Frequency Channel No.
Carrier
Carrier
Carrier
Frequency
1 531 kHz 34 828 kHz 67 1125 kHz 100 1422 kHz
2 540 kHZ 35 837 kHZ 68 1134 kHz 101 1431 kHz
3 549 kHz 36 846 kHz 69 1143 kHz 102 1440 kHz
4 558 kHz 37 855 kHz 70 1152 kHz 103 1449 kHz
5 567 kHz 38 864 kHz 71 1161 kHz 104 1458 kHz
6 576 kHz 39 873 kHz 72 1170 kHz 105 1467 kHz
7 585 kHz 40 882 kHz 73 1179 kHz 106 1476 kHz
8 594 kHz 41 891 kHz 74 1188 kHz 107 1485 kHz
9 603 kHz 42 900 kHz 75 1197 kHz 108 1494 kHz
10 612 kHz 43 909 kHz 76 1206 kHz 109 1503 kHz
11 621 kHz 44 918 kHz 77 1215 kHz 110 1512 kHz
12 630 kHz 45 927 kHz 78 1224 kHz 111 1521 kHz
13 639 kHz 46 936 kHz 79 1233 kHz 112 1530 kHz
14 648 kHz 47 945 kHz 80 1242 kHz 113 1539 kHz
15 657 kHz 48 954 kHz 81 1251 kHz 114 1548 kHz
16 666 kHz 49 963 kHz 82 1260 kHz 115 1557 kHz
17 675 kHz 50 972 kHz 83 1269 kHz 116 1566 kHz
18 684 kHz 51 981 kHz 84 1278 kHz 117 1575 kHz
19 693 kHz 52 990 kHz 85 1287 kHz 118 1584 kHz
20 702 kHz 53 999 kHz 86 1296 kHz 119 1593 kHz
21 711 kHz 54 1008 kHz 87 1305 kHz 120 1602 kHz
22 720 kHz 55 1017 kHz 88 1314 kHz 121 1611 kHz
23 729 kHz 56 1026 kHz 89 1323 kHz 122 1620 kHz
24 738 kHz 57 1035 kHz 90 1332 kHz 123 1629 kHz
25 747 kHz 58 1044 kHz 91 1341 kHz 124 1638 kHz
26 756 kHz 59 1053 kHz 92 1350 kHz 125 1647 kHz
27 765 kHz 60 1062 kHz 93 1359 kHz 126 1656 kHz
28 774 kHz 61 1071 kHz 94 1368 kHz 127 1665 kHz
29 783 kHz 62 1080 kHz 95 1377 kHz 128 1674 kHz
30 792 kHz 63 1089 kHz 96 1386 kHz 129 1683 kHz
31 801 kHz 64 1098 kHz 97 1395 kHz 130 1692 kHz
32 810 kHz 65 1107 kHz 98 1404 kHz 131 1701 kHz
33 819 kHz 66 1116 kHz 99 1413 kHz

PARAMETE PHILIPPINE
USA
RS S
BROADCASTING 526.5kHz to 535kHz to 1705kHz
BAND 1705.5kHz
FREQUENCY BAND Medium Medium
Frequency Frequency
CHANNEL WIDTH 9 10 kHz
kHz
STATION SPACING 36 kHz 40 kHz
MAX. NO. OF 131 117

CHANNELS
IF OF RX 455 kHz 455 kHz
FC TOLERANCE +/- 20 +/- 20
Hz Hz
PARAMETE PHILIPPINE
USA
RS S
TYPE OF EMISSION A3E A3E
MODULATION AM AM
RECEIVER Superheterody Superheterody

ne ne
ANTENNA Vertical Vertical
POLARIZATION
TYPE OF Groundwav Groundwav
PROPAGATION e e
RADIATION PATTERN Omnidirection Omnidirection
al al
SERVICE AREAS IN
AM
SERVICE AREAS IN
AM
PRIMARY
The area of a broadcast station in which the ground
wave of *1mV/m (60 dBu) is not subject to
objectionable interference or objectionable fading.
SECONDARY
The area of a broadcast station served by the sky
wave and not subject to objectionable interference but
subject to intermittent variations in strength.
INTERMITTENT
The area receiving service from the ground wave but
beyond the primary service area and subject to
objectionable interference and fading
BROADCAST PERIOD
Is the time that a certain broadcasting

station allows to operate.
Emphasize the local time a radio broadcast
station must transmit its information.
CATEGORIES OF BROADCAST PERIOD

DAYTIME
From local sunrise to local sunset
6 AM to 6 PM (2200 UTC to 1000 UTC)
NIGHTTIME
Between local sunset to local sunrise
6 PM to 6 AM (1000 UTC to 2200 UTC)
EXPERIMENTAL PERIOD
Midnight to local sunrise
12 MN to 6 AM (1600 UTC to 2200 UTC)
CRITICAL HOURS two hours period immediately

following local sunrise and the two hour period
preceding local sunset
CATEGORIES OF BROADCAST PERIOD

POWER
ALLOCATION
The transmitter of existing Metro Manila stations may

be located outside of Metro Manila, provided that Metro
Manila remains within the 80 dBu contour of the
transmitter.
The station shall not operate more than 5% and

lower than 10% of its authorized operating power
HOURS OF
OPERATION
Shall maintain a minimum operating schedule of
two thirds (2/3) of the total hours that is
authorized .
Broadcast(s) categorized as emergency may allow

outside of the authorized regular operating schedule
without prior authorization. The information shall be
entered in the *program and operating logs at the
time the broadcast was aired.
If a permanent discontinuance of operations is

being contemplated, then the licensee shall notify in
writing the authority or regional office where the
station is located at least two (days) before the
actual discontinuance is effected.
LOGS
A listing of the date and time of events, programs,

equipment parameters, tests, malfunctions,
corrections, and other such information.
TYPES OF LOGS IN BROADCAST

OPERATION
1. PROGRAM LOG
Station identification announcement (call letters,

frequency and location)
Entry briefly describing each program broadcast, such
as music, drama, speech, etc. together with the name
or title thereof with the time of the beginning and
ending of the complete program.
Sponsorship
Origin of the program
Time the program begins and ends.
TYPES OF LOGS IN BROADCAST

OPERATION
2. OPERATING/TRANSMITTER LOG
Time the station begins to supply power to the

antenna and the time it stops.
Interruption ( cause and duration)
Entry every 30 minutes which includes
Antenna current
Last radio frequency stage plate current and
voltage.
NOTE:
Logs shall be retained by the licensee for a
period of two (2) years.
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
Adequacy of components
Compliance with Electrical Wiring
Rules
Regulation of Supply Voltage
Protection
Protection of Persons
Protection of equipment
DETAILED TECHNICAL
REQUIREMENTS
THE ANTENNA
Main purpose is to radiate efficiently the energy
supplied by the transmitter, more so, towards the
horizon or along the ground and least towards the sky.
DETAILED TECHNICAL
REQUIREMENTS
CONSIDERATION OF THE ANTENNA SYSTEMS
1. Location of Antenna Site
Population to be served
Other communication installations and
airports
Conductivity of the soil
DETAILED TECHNICAL
REQUIREMENTS
CONSIDERATION OF THE ANTENNA SYSTEMS
2. Antenna Design
The transmitting antenna system shall be

VERTICALLY POLARIZED and shall radiate an effective
field of not less than of a 60 degree vertical radiator.
In the case of a DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA
SYSTEM, its composition shall be of the same vertical
tower radiators arranged to conform at a design
configuration that would emit the desired radiation
pattern.
TOWERS ABOVE 150 FEET from the ground are
normally require to put up the standard obstruction
DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA SYSTEM:

Concentrates the amount of radiation in the direction/s where
it is wanted and restricts the radiation in the direction/s where
it is not wanted.
Standard AM broadcast stations use either

a single omnidirectional vertical
antennas, or multi-element, phased
vertical directional arrays
Generally, antennas are erected on flat

lands, preferably those having good ground
conductivities (e.g. marsh lands).
ANTENNA TOWER OBSTRUCTION PAINTING

AND LIGHTNING
Must be painted with equal-width stripes of
aviation (emergency) orange and white, each
stripe approximately one-seventh of the height of
the tower, but not over 100 ft (30 m) in width on
tall towers. The top and bottom stripes must be
orange
To mark the tower at night (sunset to sunrise),

towers up to 150 ft (46 m) must have two (2)
steady-burning 116-W or 125-W lamps in an
aviation red light globe at the top of the tower
(beacon)
ANTENNA TOWER OBSTRUCTION PAINTING

AND LIGHTNING
For towers over 150 ft, the top beacon light
consists of 620-W or 700-W PS-40 Flashing Code
Beacon lamps with aviation red filters
At half-, third-, quarter-, etc. tower height points
(depending on the height of the tower), flashing
620-W to 700-W beacons are installed
Lights should be automatically controlled by a
device sensitive to the night sky.
Lights should be inspected at least once a day, or
by automatic indicators
BROADCAST
STATION
Studio Complex place where the
programming originates
Transmitter site the tower with antenna,
actually broadcasts the program material out
over the air.
Studio transmitter link connection
between the studio and the transmitter link
BROADCAST STATION
EXAMPLE
DZBB (AM)
Stations studio is located at the GMA
Network Center in Quezon City.
The transmitter is located at Barangay
Panghulo, Obando, Bulacan
DZBB (TV CHANNEL)/ GMA 7
Stations studio is located at the GMA
Network Center in Quezon City.
The transmitter is located at Barangay
Culiat, Tandang Sora, Quezon City
TYPES OF AM TRANSMITTER
MAIN TRANSMITTER
Power rating: 1 kW
ALTERNATE TRANSMITTER
Same power rating and frequency stability as that of
the main transmitter.
Must be co-located with the man transmitter
Used when the main transmitter failed or there are
some modifications to be made with it.
AUXILIARY TRANSMITTER
Operating power may be less but never greater than
the authorized power of the regular main transmitter.
Use during emergencies
BROADCAST AUXILIARY
SERVICES
Studio-to-Transmitter Link (STL)
Remote Pick-up Broadcast Station
Communications, Coordination and Control Link

RADIO FREQUENCY PROTECTION

RATIOS
Provide the minimum physical separation of AM
stations and their protection from interference.
Minimum frequency separation in any service

area is 36 kHz.

Am Broadcasting

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BROADCAST

History of Broadcasting in the Philippines

Radio Broadcasting and Governing bodies

History of Broadcasting in the Philippines

Radio Broadcasting and Governing bodies

RADIO BROADCASTING is the transmission of

In 1906 he was the first to do

Reginald Aubrey Fessenden

THE MOST PROLIFIC AND

1918 - SUPER HETERODYNE

Edwin Howard Armstrong

HISTORY OF BROADCASTING IN THE PHILIPPI

Radio Broadcasting and Governing bodies

FRANCISCO KOKO TRINIDAD

Francisco Koko Trinidad,

FRANCISCO KOKO TRINIDAD

The union rejected it and

Later, all radio

DURING MARTIAL LAW (1972-1981)

RADIO VERITAS and

History of Broadcasting in the Philippines

RADIO BROADCASTING AND GOVERNING BOD

MEDIUM FREQUENCY (MF) 300kHz to 3000kHz

VERY HIGH FREQUENCY (VHF) 30MHz to 300MHz

VHF AND UHF 30MHz to 3000MHz

HIGH FREQUENCY (HF) 3MHz to 30MHz

FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (FCC)

The Federal Communications Commission is a

FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (FCC)

The FCCs rules and regulations are

Radio Broadcast Services Chapter I,

FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (FCC)

Subpart A AM Broadcast Stations (KBP I)

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU)

The ITU is a division of the UNITED NATIONS

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU)

3 SECTORS AND THEIR FUNCTION

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU)

ITU GOVERNING BODIES

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU)

WORLD RADIOCOMMUNICATION CONFERENCES

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU)

ITU-R STUDY GROUPS

Groups of experts from ITU

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU)

ITU-R STUDY GROUPS

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU)

ITU-R STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION (ITU)

ITU-R STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS

NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION COMMISSION (NTC)

Created under Executive Order No. 546 promulgated on

NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION COMMISSION (NTC)

KAPISANAN NG MGA BRODKASTER SA PILIPINAS (KBP)

Foremost broadcast media

In the formulation of technical standards for

1. Prevention of harmful signal

2. Provision for better signal

3. Properly utilize the broadcast

History of Broadcasting in the Philippines

Radio Broadcasting and Governing bodies

A station LICENSED for an AURAL OR SOUND

The band of frequencies from 526.5kHz to 1705.5

The BAND OF FREQUENCIES occupied by the