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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION South China Morning Post 1st May 2015:
HK is facing a severe
Des
Air Road is the most polluted area:
Voeux
PM2.5 in Eastern District, Western District
pollution problem!!!!
Pollutants weighted 55 micrograms per
and Central in Hong Kong exceeded the
WHO standard ranging from 80 days to cubic metre, exceeded the WHO limit of
280 days in a year. 10 micrograms. 4
INTRODUCTION
Definition of Air Pollution:
Air pollution is a contamination of either indoor or outdoor environment, which
changes the original characteristics of the atmosphere by any chemical,
physical or biological agent.
Air Pollutants:
Primary air pollutants: directly emitted to the atmosphere.
Secondary air pollutants: formed within the atmosphere via the chemical
reactions of the primary pollutants.
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INTRODUCTION
Potential health impacts:
Acute and Chronic impacts
eg. Cardiopulmonary health, Lung disease, Respiratory disease, Asthmatic
attacks, Stroke mortality and Reduced life expectancy.
Vulnerable stakeholders:
People with asthma, lung disease, cardiovascular disease, Pregnant women, Children under age of
9
fourteenth, Elderly, Outdoor workers, Athletes who exercise rapidly outdoors
CAUSES OF AIR
POLLUTION
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Causes of air pollution
Road transportation
Number of vehicles increased
(China) In 2015, 23.85 million new cars were registered
car ownership up to 172 million
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Causes of air pollution
Road transportation
Most of the cars are generated by gasoline and diesel engines
Use petrol as the fuel (made up of hydrocarbons)
Engine cannot burn completely suspended particulates,
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and lead
are exhausted.
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Causes of air pollution
Household products and human activities (Indoor air
pollution)
The hazardous household products
detergents respirable suspended particulates
Carpets, furniture fabrics, pressed wood products formaldehyde
beauty and hair products volatile organic chemicals
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Causes of air pollution
Household products and human activities (Indoor air
pollution)
Human activities
using heating apparatus, cooking, smoking carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide.
In some developing countries, still burning coal or wood to get warm
Air conditioners
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Causes of air pollution
Industrial technology in developing countries
China ( World Industry)
rely largely on coal power China consumed over 3.43 billion tons of
coal in 2011 ( China Energy Statistical Yearbook 2012)
the rise of secondary production Industrial air pollutants
manufacturing, production and other industrial process
15
Causes of air pollution
Industrial technology in developing countries
Do not have proper sewerage facilities
many factories build up without proper Sewerage equipment
polluted air was discharged without proper treatment
does not cope with sustainable development
polluted air will harm the surrounding air quality
16
Causes of air pollution
Combustion of fossil fuels AND Waste incineration
Waste incindeators, industries and power plants
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HEALTH IMPACTS
OF AIR POLLUTION
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BACKGROUND
Response to pollutions may vary from individuals in genetic predisposition,
physiologically and time exposing time to air pollutants (Basahi et al., 2014)
Some may be more vulnerable to air pollution than others
Acute and chronic effects
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HEALTH IMPACTS
Background
Both short-term and long-term exposure to air pollutants will have health
impacts WHO (2003): mainly affected by the air
1. Cardiopulmonary disease pollutants of particulate matters such as particle
matters rather than the larger air pollutants
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CARDIOPULMONARY-RELATED
DISEASES
Types of cardiopulmonary disease:
Strong relationship between long- term exposure to the particle matters (Pope III
and Dockery, 2006) and ozone (Kampa, & Castanas, 2008) and:
i. Chronic inflammatory lung injury
ii. Declines in lung function
Increase the risk lung dysfunctional of children (Si and Cardinal, 2016):
223,000 international deaths relating to lung cancer due to air pollution (The
Global Burden of Disease Project, 2010)
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-RELATED
DISEASES
Background
2. Respiratory disease:
1. Respiratory diseases
2. Asthmatic attack
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-RELATED
DISEASES (CONT)
Causes of respiratory disease:
Ozone raises the risk of people having respiratory infection and increased
the pre-existing respiratory sickness (Centre for Health Protection, 2016)
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-RELATED
DISEASES (CONTD)
Asthmatic attacks-
Background:
Incendiary disease of the lung
Caused by both outdoor and indoor pollutants (National Institute of Environmental
Health Sciences) and changes in weather and season
1. Ozone concentration
2. Particulate matters concentration
3. Nitrogen dioxides
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-RELATED
DISEASES (CONTD)
Asthmatic attacks (Contd)-
Causes of asthmatic attacks:
McDonnell et al. (1999):
15-year investigation on 3091 nonsmokers
3.2%-4.3% new respondents discovered with the diagnoses of asthma after the
long- term contact with the ozone
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-RELATED
DISEASES (CONTD)
Asthmatic attacks (Contd)-
Most vulnerable stakeholder:
Unhealthy development of asthmatic children are related to air pollution
(Lerodiakonou et. al, 2016) as they spend more times in the outdoor
Children behaviors and development stages are crucial statement for reason
why children are exposure longer than other stakeholders, which is linkage to
the air pollution (Si and Carinal study, 2016)
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Mortality
It is found that the most polluted regions have a higher average mortality rate
of 0.18 than the least polluted regions.
th e mo r t a li ty rat e!
ble m w ill incre as e
Air pollution pro
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Mortality
Evidence:
Pope III and Dockery (2006):
Developed further on the research
conducted by Dockery et al. (1993)
Analyzing more additional studies.
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Mortality
Vulnerable stakeholders:
Babies:
Cardiopulmonary system of a newborn is not well developed, babies have less immunity to
pollutants.
Male:
Adventist Health Study of Smog (as cited in Pope & Dockery, 2006):
All-cause mortality, non-malignant respiratory mortality, and lung cancer mortality were
significantly associated with ambient PM10 concentrations in males but not in female
Elderly:
Chang et al., 2003:
152,714 deaths in Beijing during 2009-2010, while 0.83% in those aged 0-4 years old, 5.17%
aged 5-44 years old, 19.81% aged 45-64 years old and 74.19% aged 65 years or older
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SOLUTIONS TO AIR
POLLUTION
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International cooperation
Promotion of electric car
Reducing coal use
Using renewable energy
Mitigation Recovery
Short term-
Emergency
response plan
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Restrict/ Ban the vehicles from
running Emergency Response
e.g. Odd number plate off the road on Plans
Mon, Wed and Fri; Even number plate
as soon as possible to
off the road on Tue, Thur and Sat
stop additional pollutants
emissions
Restrict factories from Deterioration of air
emissions
e.g. every friday 4-6pm, factories need Also, ask students
to stop industrial emission
(vulnerable groups) to
stay indoors
to avoid their health
condition getting worse/
Shut down schools cause disease by poor air
if the Air Pollution Index is high quality
40
Long Term
41
Promotion of Electric Cars
Bac Dealing
kgr with the
ou
cause of
nd
huge
vehicular
population
Electric
vehicles
have no
exhausted
gases
emission
Reducing
http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/prob_solutions/promotion_ev.html
http://shs.ntu.edu.tw/student/?p=1778 42
Promotion of Electric Cars
(USA)
National
Academy
of
Sciences:
reducing
the
mortality to
70%
The
British
governme 43
International Cooperation
Aims
Increasing the developed countries participation
Reaching international consensus concerning environmental protection
Reducing the seriousness of air pollution through binding treaties
Reducing transnational emission
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International Cooperation
individual countries cannot ease the situation only by
their own effort
Developing countries lacking capital & technology
Developed countries refused to cooperate
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International Cooperation - Flow
Developed countries
Reaching international are more willing to
consensus in dealing participate in
with air pollution combatting the
required cooperation problem of air
International pollution
cooperation in
environmental E.g.
protection Raise different countries Sharing advanced energy
awareness on air technology
pollution (environmental rely less on fossil fuel
protection) less air pollutant emitted
Not shifting their own
responsibility onto the
developing
46 countries
International Cooperation
Calling international conferences
Earth Summit (1992)
Signing the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
Kyoto Conference (1997)
Passing the Kyoto Protocol
Reducing the releases of greenhouse gases 6% for Japan, 7% for the USA,
8% for the EU
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Example - China: how can international
cooperation reduce air pollution in China?
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International Cooperation - China
China as the World Factory
Economic globalization: Multinational corporations relocate their
production line to China
China became the largest manufacturing country in the World
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Promotion and Education
Increase public awareness on reduce air pollutants and living in
green way
-Promote through mass media by the Government and professional entrepreneurs
-Encourage people to take public transportation/ free transportation
-Cooperation between big companies and the Government (leading role and role models)
Emphasize on education
-environmental education and training reduce household gas
-First level: 4R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover)
-Second level: integral education and training, sustainable energy program
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What can we do to tackle air pollution problem?
1. Promotion of Electric Cars
. no exhausted gases emission
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3. Government measures
Economic incentives and subsidies to persuade manufacturing
industry
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THE END
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Q&A Section
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