INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY
LEVEL: SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
YEAR: ONE

PRESENTATION BY:
MR SAMUEL TEYEMENSAH KUBI
 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the study or business
of developing and using technology to process information and aid
communications.
Another terminology derived from ICT is ICTs (Information and
Communication Technologies)
ICTs is a broad term that covers any technology that can be used in
collecting, processing, storing and disseminating information.
Examples of ICTs include computers, the Internet, broadcasting
technologies (radio and television), and telephony etc.
 RELATED TERMINOLOGIES
Information: Data that is processed or organised into a meaningful
and useful form.
Communication: It is the successful sending or receiving of
information.
The types of communication are verbal and non-verbal
communication
Verbal communication involves the use of words (either written
or spoken)
Non-verbal communications involves the use of signs and symbols
Technology: It is the application of scientific knowledge to solve
everyday life problems
Data: It is the raw facts and figures that has no meaning.
Sources of Data/Information
Primary source: A primary source of information is one that
provides data from an original source document.
 Secondary source: A secondary source of information is one that
provides information from a source other than the original.
Internal source: information that is generated within an
organisation.
External source: information that is obtained from outside an
organisation.

Difference Between Data And Information

Data are simply facts or figures bits of information, but not
information itself.
When data are processed, interpreted, organized, structured or
presented so as to make them meaningful or useful, they are called
information.
Information provides context for data.
 INFORMATION
Information: Data that is processed or organised into a meaningful and
useful form.
Characteristics of good information:
Availability/accessibility: Information should be easy to obtain or access.
Accuracy: Information needs to be accurate enough for the use to which
it is going to be put.
Reliability: Reliability deals with the truth of information or the
objectivity with which it is presented.
Relevance: Information should be relevant to the purpose for which it is
required. It must be suitable.
Completeness: Information should contain all the details required by the
user. Otherwise, it may not be useful as the basis for making a decision.
Timeliness: Information must be on time for the purpose for which it is
required.
Consistency: Information must be consistent. The same method and
format should be applied to information of the same category. If changes
are made they must explained.
Use of Information: Information is very useful for good decision making.
 DATA / INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE
The sequence of events in processing information, which includes (1)
input, (2) processing, (3) storage, (4) output and (5) distribution.
These processes work together and repeat over and over.
Inputentering data into the computer.
Processingperforming operations on the data.
Storagesaving data, programs, or output for future use.
Outputpresenting the results.
Distributioncommunicating the information.

The Information Processing Cycle

 IMPORTANCE / USES OF ICT
Uses Of ICT In Education
Computer-Assisted Assessment(CAA): Using computers to assist in marking
examination scripts
Computer-Assisted Learning(CAL) / Computer-Aided Instruction(CAI)
They involve using computers to aid in drills and practices, tutorials
and simulations.
Computer Managed Learning: Use of computers to aid administration of
educational institutions. Example school management systems (SMS)
Referencing Information: Libraries, journals, encyclopedias, magazine etc
hosted online serve as a vital source of information.
E-Learning: This is learning conducted via electronic media, typically on
the Internet.
Blended Learning: Is a type of learning that combines online digital media
with traditional classroom methods.
Distance Learning: A method of studying in which lectures are broadcast
or lessons are conducted by correspondence. Some forms of distance
learning are web-based learning (WBL), virtual classrooms and tele-
collaboration.
 IMPORTANCE / USES OF ICT
Uses Of ICT In Economics
ICT in Banking: Banks use ICTs to provide enhanced services to the
customers. Example networking allow customers to withdraw cash from
any branch.
Automated Teller Machine(ATM) / Cash Machine: Machine that
dispenses money.
Credit / Debit Cards: Used to perform financial transactions without
using physical cash.
Smart Cards
Stored Value Cards
Internet Banking: This form of banking gives you the convenience of
doing transactions from home or anywhere there is internet
ICT in Business
Stock Control
E-Commerce: B2C (Business to Consumer), B2B ( Business to Business)
Telecommuting: Working from home through the use of the Internet,
email, and the telephone.
 IMPORTANCE / USES OF ICT
Uses Of ICT In Economics
ICT in Engineering and Manufacturing:
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Design &
Drafting
Computer-Aided Manufacture (CAM)
Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)
 IMPORTANCE / USES OF ICT
Uses Of ICT for Social Purposes
ICT in Law Enforcement / Security
Security Cameras
Biometric Identification Systems
Fingerprints
Computer Aided facial image identification systems
Traffic control
Electronic surveillance
ICT in Medicine
Patients records systems
Patient monitoring systems
Computer-Aided Detection and Computer Aided Diagnosis
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Computer Axial Tomography (CAT)
 IMPORTANCE / USES OF ICT
Expert medical systems
Tele-medicine
ICT in Entertainment
Music and sound
Movies and Animation
Games
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN ICT
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN ICT
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN ICT
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
A computer is a programmable electronic device that processes data,
following a set of instructions to produce information which it can
output or store for future use.
A computer is an electronic device which follows a set of instructions
(program) to perform sequences of mathematical and logical
operations.
An electronic device uses tiny electric currents, flowing through
circuit, to perform its operations.

Why do we use computers?

For their data-processing seed
For their data-processing accuracy
For storing large amounts of information in a small space
For their ability to work continuously
To enhance teaching and learning
To produce documents
 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
The history of computers is the record of the on-going effort to make
computers faster, cheaper, and capable of storing more data.
The earliest mechanical counting device to be ever recorded is the
abacus (invented by the Chinese)
In the early 1600s john Napier, a Scotish mathematician (1550-1617)
developed a calculating device called the Napiers rod or Napiers
bones, which was used to perform multiplication.
In 1642, a French mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) invented
the first mechanical adding machine.
In 1671, a German mathematician, Gottfried Wilhem von Leibniz
(1646-1716) produced a calculating machine that was more advanced
than Pascals machine. Pascals machine can add and subtract but
Leibnizs calculator add, subtract, multiply, divide and find square
roots.
An Englishman, Charles Babbage (1792-1871), made two important
contributions to the development of computers. He attempted to
build the difference machine and the analytical machine
 In America, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) and James Sperry devised
ways of entering data on punched cards (an invention which Joseph
Jacquard, a weaver used to control complicated weaving designs on a
loom) and also invented machines that could sort and compile
information.
It is interesting to note that Herman Hollerith later founded the
Tabulating Machine Company which later became the International
Business Machine (IBM).
In the 1930s and 40s, during WWII, Howard Aiken and IBM completed
work on the Mark I computer.
In 1946, the Remington Rand Corporation completed work on a new
computer, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).
In 1951, J Prosper Eckert and John W Maulchy completed work on
UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer), which designed for the
bureau of census.
In 1952, John von Neumann completed work on the EDVAC computer
(electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer).
von Neumann completed work on a similar type of machine, the
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) in England in
1949.
 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
First Generation (1946-1957) / Vacuum Tubes Era:
Used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory
Were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
Were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great
deal of electricity.
Generated a lot of heat and often overheated
Relied on machine language and could only one problem at a
time.
Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output
was displayed on printouts.
Examples are UNIVAC, EDVAC, IBM 650 and ENIAC
Second Generation (1958-1963) / Transistors Era:
Used transistors instead of vacuum tubes
Were smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more
reliable than their first-generation
relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
 Used assembly languages, which allowed programmers to specify
instructions in words.
Were also the first computers that stored their instructions in
their memory.
Examples of second generation computers are the IBM 1401, IBM
350 RAMAC, IBM 7090 etc.
Third Generation (1964-1970) / Integrated Circuits Era or Large Scale
Integration Chip (LSI):
Used the integrated circuit instead of transistors
Were smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more
reliable than their second-generation
Could carry out instructions in billionths of a second.
Examples of third generation computers are IBM 360/91
The Fourth Generation (1971-Today) / The Microprocessor Era:
Use microprocessor instead of integrated circuit
Saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
Were smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more
reliable than their third-generation
Were the first electronic computers to be used by individuals at
home
 TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Three types of computers

Digital computers: Digital computers represent data in binary

form (0s and 1s). They can manipulate with discrete data.
Example are PC, smartphone, calculator, etc

Analogue computers: Analogue computers measure and

manipulate continuous data. They work with data such as
temperature, pressure, voltage etc. examples of analogue
computers are thermometers, speedometers, gasoline pump etc

Hybrid computers: Hybrid computers consist of both analogue and

digital processors. A special device called an analogue to digital
converter (ADC) forms an interface between the two processors.
Examples of hybrid computers are ATMs, robotics, patient
monitoring systems etc.
 COMPUTERS BY SIZE AND CAPACITY
Supercomputers: Are the fastest, most expensive, and most powerful
computers we have. They are very huge, sometimes filling a whole room.
Supercomputers contain thousands of CPUs which give the their huge
processing power. They are used for applications that require extraordinary
speed, accuracy, and processing capabilities for example sending astronauts
into space, controlling missile guidance systems and satellites, forecasting the
weather, assisting in scientific research etc. Example of supercomputer is
IBMs Blue Gene/L.
Mainframe computers: Come second to supercomputers in terms of speed,
cost, size, and processing power. They are the standard choice of computers
large organizations (such as banks, hospitals, universities, government offices,
large businesses etc) that to manage large amounts of centralized data.
Mainframes usually operate 24/7, serving thousands of users connected via
PCs, thin clients, dumb terminals etc. they also run multiple programs
simultaneously. Mainframes are sometimes referred to as high-end servers or
enterprise class servers.
Minicomputers / midrange servers: Minicomputers are medium-sized
computers used to host programs and data for a small network. They are
typically larger, more expensive, and more powerful than micro computers but
not mainframes. Minicomputers are usually located I a closet or other out-of-
the-way places and can serve users at a time. The users connect to the mini
computer via their micro computers on a network. Minicomputers are used by
small to medium organisations such as medical offices, school computers labs
etc.
 Microcomputers: This is a small computer based on a microprocessor
and designed to be used by one person at a time. Microcomputers are
also called personal computers (PC). Microcomputers are the
computers that we usually used at home and in our offices for our
daily tasks. Microcomputers can be categorized as:
Desktop PCs: A PC designed to fit on or next to a desk. A desktop
PCs modding/appearance can be tower ( system unit standing
vertically), desktop ( system unit lying horinzontally) and all-in-
one ( monitor and system unit combine as a single unit). Desktop
PCs usually conform to one of two standard: PC-compatible or
Macintosh.
Portable PCs: A small PC designed to be carried around easily. A
portable PC can be a notebook, tablet or handheld PC. They
usually can fit in a bag, purse of pocket.
Thin Clients and Internet Appliances: A thin client is a PC
designed to access a network for processing and data storage,
instead of performing those tasks locally. It is also called a
network computer. An internet appliance is a specialized
network computer designed primarily for internet access and/or
e-mail exchange.
Mobile Device: A very small device, usually based on a wirephone
that has some type of built-in computing or internet capability.
E.g. smartphones, smart watch etc.