HIV AIDS

Are you free from aids???

Rasel Hussain
Lecturer in Sociology
Department of Social Relations
East West University
Email: raseldu1971@gmail.com
Topics to be covered

1. HIV/AIDS info and history?

2. HIV/STAGES OF HIV?
3. AIDS?
4. WORLD SCENARIO OF HIV-AIDS?
5. Opportunistic infection related
with HIV/AIDS
6. MODES OF TRANSMISSION?
7. WAYS OF PROTECTION?
HIV/AIDS Info & History
In 1981,1 the first cases of AIDS were identified
among gay men in the US. However, scientists later
found evidence that the disease existed in the
world as early as 1959.

The first documented case of HIV was traced back

to 1959 using preserved blood samples, which were
analyzed in 1998.

In first-world countries, AIDS is now a chronic

disease, but this was not the case in the past.

AIDS is 100% preventable, and yet there were

56,300 new infections in 2006 in the US alone. 2
1. 1. Advert.org
2. 2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus

H = Infects only Human beings

I = Immunodeficiency virus
weakens the immune system and
increases the risk of infection
V = Virus that attacks the body

DR. S.K CHATURVEDI

 Normal Immune Response

T-cells make
antibodies

Virus binds to T-cells

Antibodies
Virus T- bind to
cells virus
Antibodies
Viru kill virus
s

Normal response: Virus invades blood stream and binds

to lymphocytes. Lymphocytes make antibodies to the
virus. Antibodies bind to the virus and destroy
the virus.
Immune Response to HIV

HIV HIV destroys T-

cells (CD4 cells)

T-cells cannot
produce antibodies

Cannot destroy virus

Four Stages of HIV
 Stage 1 - Primary
Short, flu-like illness - occurs one to
six weeks after infection
no symptoms at all
Infected person can infect other
people
 Stage 2 -
Asymptomatic
Lasts for an average of ten years
This stage is free from symptoms
There may be swollen glands
The level of HIV in the blood drops to
very low levels
HIV antibodies are detectable in the
blood
 Stage 3 - Symptomatic

The symptoms are mild

The immune system deteriorates
emergence of opportunistic
infections and cancers
 Stage 4 - HIV AIDS

The immune
system
weakens

The illnesses
become more
severe leading
to an AIDS
diagnosis
AIDS

Acquired Immune Deficiency

Syndrome
A = Acquired, not inherited
I = Weakens the Immune system
D = Creates a Deficiency of CD4+
cells in the immune system
S = Syndrome, or a group of
illnesses taking place at the same
time
DR. S.K CHATURVEDI
 What is AIDS?
Acquired: To come into possession of
something new
Immune Deficiency: Decrease or
weakness in the bodys ability to fight off
infections and illnesses
Syndrome: A group of signs and
symptoms that occur together and
characterize a particular abnormality
AIDS is the final stage of the disease caused by
infection with a type of virus called HIV.
13
 Opportunistic Infections
associated with AIDS

Bacterial
Tuberculosis
(TB)
Strep
pneumonia

Viral
Kaposi Sarcoma
Herpes
Opportunistic Infections
associated with AIDS

Parasitic
Pneumocystis
carinii

Fungal
Candida
Cryptococcus
 HIV: A Global Pandemic

Eastern Europe
& Central Asia
Western Europe 1.2 1.8 million
North America 520 000 680 000
East Asia & Pacific
790 000 1.2 million
North Africa & Middle 700 000 1.3 million
East
470 000 730 000 South
Caribbean & South-East Asia
350 000 590 000 Sub-Saharan Africa 4.6 8.2 million
25.0 28.2 million
Latin America
Australia
1.3 1.9 million & New Zealand
12 000 18 000

Adults and children estimated to be living

with HIV/AIDS (2003): 34 46 million total
16
 Some Statistics...
Twenty-five million men, women and children
have died; more than 42 million people are
now infected with HIV.1

Every day 15,000 new infections emerge and

8,200 people die from the disease.1

In many countries, our colleagues in the

health professions have themselves
succumbed to the disease, further
compounding the crisis.1
1. Source: Health action AIDS Campaign http://www.phrusa.org/campaigns/aids/call.php
Modes of HIV/AIDS Transmission
Through Bodily Fluids

Blood products
Semen
Vaginal fluids
Breast Milk
 Through IV Drug Use
Sharing Needles
Without sterilization
Increases the chances of contracting
HIV
 Through Sex

Intercourse (penile penetration into

the vagina)
Oral
Anal
Digital Sex
 Mother-to-Baby

Before Birth
During Birth
Postpartum
After the birth
Transmission of HIV

HIV is transmitted by
Direct contact with infected blood
Sexual contact: oral, anal, or
vaginal
Direct contact with semen or
vaginal and
cervical secretions
HIV-infected mothers to infants
during
DR. S.K CHATURVEDI
pregnancy, delivery, or
Transmission of HIV
HIV is not transmitted by
Coughing, Public baths
sneezing Handshakes
Insect bites Work or school contact
Using telephones
Touching,
Sharing cups, glasses,
hugging plates, or other
Water, food utensils
Kissing
DR. S.K CHATURVEDI
 Transmission of AIDS
(Worldwide)
1. Sexual contact with infected
individual: All forms of sexual
intercourse (homosexual and
heterosexual). 75% of
transmission.
2. Sharing of unsterilized needles
by intravenous drug users and
unsafe medical practices: 5-10%
of transmission.
3. Transfusions and Blood Products:
Hemophiliac population was
decimated in 1980s. Risk is low
today. 3-5% of transmission.
 Four ways to protect
yourself?
Abstinence
Monogamous Relationship
Protected Sex
Sterile needles
 Abstinence

It is the only 100 % effective

method of not acquiring HIV/AIDS.
Refraining from sexual contact:
oral, anal, or vaginal.
Refraining from intravenous drug
use
Monogamous relationship

A mutually monogamous (only one sex

partner) relationship with a person who
is not infected with HIV
HIV testing before intercourse is
necessary to prove your partner is not
infected
 Protected Sex
Use condoms (female or male) every
time you have sex (vaginal or anal)
Always use latex or polyurethane
condom (not a natural skin condom)
Always use a latex barrier during oral
sex
 When Using A Condom
Remember To:
Make sure the package is not expired
Make sure to check the package for
damages
Do not open the package with your teeth
for risk of tearing
Never use the condom more than once
Use water-based rather than oil-based
condoms
 Sterile Needles
If a needle/syringe or cooker is
shared, it must be disinfected:
Fill the syringe with undiluted bleach
and wait at least 30 seconds.
thoroughly rinse with water
Do this between each persons use
Needle Exchange Program

Non-profit
Organization,
which provides
sterile needles in
exchange for
contaminated
ones
 Natural History of HIV
Infection
Immune suppression
HIV attacks white blood
cells,called CD4 cells, that
protect body from illness
Over time, the bodys ability to
fight common infections is lost
Opportunistic infections occur

DR. S.K CHATURVEDI

 HIV Transmission in United
States and Rest of the World
Thank you and stay safe
from HIV-AIDS