SENSORY

ORGANS - EYES
JUNHEL DALANON, DMD, MAT, EdD
EYELIDS
Each eye presents with a pair of eyelids, one upper
and one lower.
Eyelids are folds of skin and mucus membrane
present in front of the eyeball in the form of movable
curtains.
They help protect the eye from injury, foreign bodies
and bright light by approximating together and
blinking of eyelids helps to spread the tear film and
keep the cornea moist and clean.
EYELIDS
The upper eyelid is larger and is seen to
overlap upper part of cornea while lower
eyelid lies at the lower margin of cornea
when the eye is open.
When eye closes the upper eyelid
moves towards the lower eyelid covering
the entire cornea.
EYELIDS
The space between the two eyelids is
known as palpebral fissure.
Margins of the upper and lower eyelids
meet at an angle at their lateral and
medial ends respectively. These are
named as medial and lateral canthus.
EYELIDS
The eyelids are covered with skin externally and
conjunctiva internally which meet at the lid margin.
The lateral 5/6th of the margin presents with an outer
and an inner lip.
A grey line is present between the outer and inner lips
which is the mucocutaneous junction.
The outer lip has 2 or more layers of eyelashes or cilia
and the associated openings of sweat glands and
sebaceous glands.
EYELIDS
Medial end of the margin does not have cilia.
At the junction of medial 1/6th and lateral 5/6th
it presents with a small elevation known as the
papilla which has the lacrimal punctum
(opening) at its summit.
This punctum leads to the lacrimal canaliculus
medially which drains the lacrimal fluid (tears)
into the lacrimal sac.
STRUCTURE OF THE EYELID

1. Skin
2. Superficial Fascia
3. Tarsal Plate
4. Palpebral Fascia
5. Conjunctiva
STRUCTURE OF THE EYELID
1. Skin
It is thin and continues with the conjunctiva at the
margin of the eyelid. It consists of:
a. Large sebaceous glands (Zies glands) which open
at the lid margin closely associated with cilia.
b. Modified sweat glands (Mollglands) which lie along
the lid margin closely associated with Zies glands.
c. Skin of upper eyelid receives the insertion of
levator palpebral superioris.
STRUCTURE OF THE EYELID

2. Superficial fascia
The subcutaneous tissue is thin and
devoid of fat and contains the
palpebral part of orbicularis oculi
muscle.
STRUCTURE OF THE EYELID
3. Tarsal plate:
It is a sheet of dense fibrous tissue present
adjacent to and parallel to the palpebral margins.
It provides support to the lid.
The upper tarsal plate is bigger (10 mm in
height) than the lower tarsal plates (4 mm in
height).
STRUCTURE OF THE EYELID
The plates are convex anteriorly, their
lower margins are just adjacent to the
lid margins while their upper margins
are attached to the orbital septum.
Upper tarsal plate also receives
insertion of levator palpebrae superioris.
STRUCTURE OF THE EYELID

4. Palpebral fascia (orbital septum):

It is a sheet of fascia which connects

the anterior surface of each tarsal plate
with the corresponding periosteum of
the bony orbital margin.
STRUCTURE OF THE EYELID
5. Conjunctiva (palpebral part):

It is the inner most layer which lines the

posterior surface of the tarsal plate and
continues over the sclera at the fornices.
Upper palpebral conjunctiva receives the
insertion of levator palpebrae superioris.
CONJUNCTIVA

It is a (except cornea) transparent

mucus membrane lining the external
anterior surface of eyeball inner aspect
of eyelids. It is accordingly named as:
1. Palpebral Conjunctiva
2. Bulbar Conjunctiva
CONJUNCTIVA
1. Palpebral conjunctiva:

It is the conjunctiva which lines the inner

aspect of eyelids and continues with the
skin of eyelids, lacrimal canaliculi and
lacrimal sac at the lid margins. It is highly
vascular.
CONJUNCTIVA
2. Bulbar conjunctiva:
It covers the anterior aspect of the outer
most coat or sclera of the eyeball.
It is thin and has minimal vascularity.
It continues with the epithelium of
cornea in front.
CONJUNCTIVA
2. Bulbar conjunctiva:
The junction of cornea and conjunctiva is known as
limbus.
The bulbar conjunctiva reflects onto the inner aspect of
eyelids along the superior and inferior fornices.
Ducts of lacrimal gland open into the lateral part of
superior fornix.
Glands of Krusae and Wolfring are also present in
relation to superior fornix.
LACRIMAL APPARATUS
Components of Lacrimal Apparatus
1. Lacrimal gland and its ducts.
2. Accessory lacrimal glands. Glands of Krusae and
Wolfring
3. Conjunctival sac.
4. Lacrimal puncta and canaliculi, common canaliculus.
5. Lacrimal sac
6. Nasolacrimal duct
7. Tears
LACRIMAL APPARATUS
Lacrimal Gland
It is a serous gland about the size of an almond.
It is situated in the lacrimal fossa of the antero-
lateral part of the orbital roof (orbital part) and
upper eyelid (palpebral part).
About a dozen ducts from the gland open into the
superior fornix of the conjunctiva and pour
lacrimal fluid into the conjunctival sac.
LACRIMAL APPARATUS
Conjunctival Sac
It is a potential space present between the
palpebral conjunctiva and bulbar conjunctiva.
The periodic blinking of eyelids helps in spreading
the lacrimal fluid over the eye that keeps the
cornea moist and prevents it from drying.
Most of the fluid evaporates and the remaining
fluid is drained by the lacrimal canaliculi.
LACRIMAL APPARATUS

Lacrimal Puncta and Canaliculi

Each lacrimal canaliculus begins from
a lacrimal punctum present at the
summit of the lacrimal papilla located
at the medial end of the free margin of
eyelid.
LACRIMAL APPARATUS
The superior canaliculus of upper
eyelid, first runs upwards and then
downwards and medially while the
lower canaliculus, in lower eyelid first
runs downwards and then horizontally
and medially to open into the common
canaliculus.
LACRIMAL APPARATUS
Each is 10 mm long.
The common canaliculus drains into
the lacrimal sac.
These canaliculi drain the lacrimal
fluid from the conjunctival sac to the
lacrimal sac.
LACRIMAL APPARATUS
Lacrimal Sac
It is a membranous sac, 12 mm long and
8 mm wide, located in the lacrimal
groove on the medial wall of the orbit,
behind the medial palpebral ligament.
The lacrimal sac continues inferiorly with
the nasolacrimal duct.
LACRIMAL APPARATUS
Nasolacrimal Duct
It is a membranous duct, 18 mm long which
runs downwards, backwards and laterally from
the lacrimal sac and opens in the inferior meatus
of the nose.
It is lodged in the nasolacrimal canal formed by
the articulation of maxilla, lacrimal bone and
inferior nasal concha.
LACRIMAL APPARATUS
Tears or Tear Film
Tear film consists of following three layers:
1. Superficial lipid layer, secreted by
Meibomian glands of tarsal plate.
2. Middle aqueous layer, secreted by accessory
lacrimal glands and main lacrimal gland.
3. Basal mucus layer, secreted by goblet cells
of conjunctiva.
EYE

Eye: a spherical globe with a diameter

of approximately 2.5 cm that lies in the
orbits anterior portion.
EYE

Surrounded by a thin capsule called the

fascia bulbi (Tenons capsule):
Provides support
Allows for movement
EYE
Divided into an anterior and a posterior segment:
Anterior Segment:
Filled with aqueous humor
Separated into anterior and posterior chambers by the iris
Contains aqueous humor secreted by the ciliary body and drained
through a trabeculated network eventually into the superior ophthalmic
vein
Intraocular pressure is measured in the anterior segment, normally 10
to 20 mm Hg

Posterior Segment:
Filled with vitreous fluid
Called the vitreous cavity
EYE
COMPONENTS
1. Sclera
The outermost layer, very fibrous.
White along the periphery, except for the anterior
portionthe cornea, which is transparent

2. Uveal Tract
Composed of choroid layer, ciliary body, and iris
EYE
3. Choroid
The pigmented vascular layer between
the sclera and the retina
Extends posteriorly from the region of
the optic nerve anteriorly, where it is
continuous with the ciliary body near the
ora serrata (anterior margin of the retina)
EYE
4. Ciliary Body
Located between the choroid and the iris
Ring-shaped; has a series of transparent
fibers that form the suspensory ligament of
the lens
Within it is the ciliary muscle, which
changes the shape of the lens
EYE
5. Iris
A thin disc-like structure with a central openingthe
pupil
Separates the aqueous humor into the anterior
chamber (anterior to the iris) and the posterior
chamber (between the iris and the lens)
Contains the sphincter and dilator pupillae muscles,
which change the pupils shape in response to light
EYE

6. Lens
Located posterior to the iris.
A transparent biconcave structure
responsible for focusing.
Connected to the ciliary body by the
suspensory ligaments.
EYE
7. Retina
The innermost coat of the eye.
Thin and highly vascular.
Three areas located on the retinas posterior
portion:
Optic disc
Macula lutea
Fovea centralis
EYE
8. Optic Disc
Area where the optic nerve enters the retina is called the blind
spot.
Retinas central artery enters the eye through the optic disc
and divides into superior and inferior branches.

9. Macula Lutea
Lateral to the optic disc.
A depressed, yellow-appearing area that contains the fovea
centralis in its center.