Development of Cognition, Language, and Personality

Outline

I. Cognitive Development
II. Language Development
III.Personality Development
 Exploring What
Development Is!
-A pattern

- Biological, Cognitive, &

Socioemotional

- Growth
Processes and Periods
 I. Cognitive Developmen

1. Piagets Theory of Cognitive

Growth
2. Bruners Theory of Cognitive
Growth
3. Vygotskys View of Cognitive
Growth
1. Piagets Theory of Cognitive Growth

Born in Switzerland in
1896

Was a Biologist

Cognition unfolds in a
sequence of four
stages.
 1. Piagets Theory of Cognitive Growth

1. The sensori-motor stage (birth to 2

years)
2. The Pre-operational stage (2 to 7 years)
3. The concrete-operational stage (7 to 11
years)
4. The formal operational stage (11 years to
adulthood)
 How Development Occurs
(According to Piaget)

Schemes
Assimilation
Accommodation
Equilibrium
Sensorimotor
Stage
-Senses & motor
skills
- Reflexes
- Object
permanence
 Preoperational
Stage
-Conservation
- Centration
- Reversibility
-Egocentric
 Principle of
Conservation
Centration
 Reversibility

- Changing Direction
- Focus on States
Egocentric
ncrete Operational Stage

nferred Reality
Seriation
Transitivity
rmal Operational Stage
stract Reasoning
pothetical-Deductive Reasoning
olescent Egocentrism
 Piagets Theory of
Cognitive
Development
Describe specific actions
that teachers can take to
incorporate Piaget's theory
into the classroom.
Problems with Piagets
Theory
Children often grasp ideas earlier
than what Piaget found

Cognitive development across

domains is inconsistent (e.g. better
at reading than math)

Studies have shown that

development can to some degree
be accelerated
 Crack the Case
The Case of the Book Report

1. Drawing on Piagets theory, explain

why Cindy understood the book.
2. Based on Piagets theory, explain why
Lucy did not understand the book.
3. What could Mr. Johnson do to help
Lucy understand?

contd
 Crack the Case
The Case of the Book Report

4. How could Mr. Johnson have

presented this assignment differently
so that Lucy did not need to rush
through a book?
5. At which of Piagets stages of
cognitive development is Cindy
operating?
6. At which of Piagets stages of
cognitive development is Lucy
operating?
 2. Bruners Theory of Cognitive
Growth

Like Piaget, Bruner..???

Unlike Piaget, Bruner..???

Bruner was also concerned

with..???
 Modes of Representation

The enactive mode (used in 1st 18

months)
The iconic mode (develops from 18
months)
The symbolic mode (6-7 years
onwards)
Vygotskys View of
Cognitive Growth

What is the main difference in

Vygotskys theory?
Vygotskys Theory

Zone of Proximal
Development
Scaffolding
Language and Thought

Develop independently of
each other, then merge.
Have external or social
origins
Self-talk
Vygotskys Zone of Proximal
Development (ZPD)
Tasks too difficult for child to
master even with assistance

ZPD
Tasks child can master alone
Scaffolding
Language and Thought
Private Speech
Inner Speech (egocentric
speech)
3. Language Development

What is Language?
Biological & Environmental
Influences
Language Development
3. Language Development:
What is Language?

Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
3. Language Development: Biological &
Environmental Influences:

Chomsky
Interactionist View
3. Language Development: Language
Development:

Infancy
Early Childhood
Adolescence
 III. Personality
Development
Erik Erikson: The Father of
Psychosocial Development

Children love and want to be loved and they very much

prefer the
joy of accomplishment to the triumph of hateful failure. Do
not
mistake a child for his symptom
-Erik Erikson
 Eriksons Eight Life-Span
Eriksons
Stages
Developmen
tal Eriksons Developmen Developmen
Stages Stages tal Eriksons tal
Periods Periods Stages Periods
 Eriksons Psychosocial
Development
Age Stage Psychosocial Psychosocial Environmental
(Years) Crisis Strength Influence
1 Infancy Trust vs. Hope Maternal
Mistrust
2-3 Early childhood Autonomy vs. Willpower Both parents or
Shame and adult substitutes
Doubt
4-5 Preschool Initiative vs. Purpose Parents, family
Guilt and friends
6-11 Middle Industry vs. Competence School
Childhood Inferiority
12-18 Adolescence Identity vs. Role Fidelity Peers
confusion
18-35 Young adulthood Intimacy vs. Love Spouse, lover,
Isolation friends
35-65 Middle age Generativity vs. Care Family, society
Stagnation
Over 65 Old age Integrity vs. Wisdom All humans
Despair