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Inflammatory Syndrome
Dr.G.Manoharan
Medical Director, I-TECH India
Learning Objectives
Describe the historical picture of IRIS
Review case studies and illustrations related
to IRIS
Define diagnostic criterias for IRIS
Explain clinical spectrum & differential
diagnosis of IRIS
Discuss management of IRIS
2
Historical Picture of IRIS
Paradoxical reactions among HIV-ve patients
treated for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
infection
Inflammatory reactions occurring in patients
on treatment for Mycobacterium Leprae
Recovery of immune cells following bone
marrow transplantation or chemotherapy
Atypical, localized MAC Inflammatory
responses in patients when they were treated
with AZT monotherapy
3
Immune Reconstitution
Inflammatory Syndrome
Improved Cell Mediated Immunity with
restoration of both memory and nave CD4
cells
Increased CD4/CD8 cells detect hidden
pathogens which were ignored with deficiency
of immunity previously
Result in inflammatory process at the area of
occult / sub-clinical infections
Usually improves with control of inflammation
and specific treatment
4
Case Study 1
7 yrs old HIV +ve male
child, Presented with
mediastinal TB & oral
candidiasis
Mantoux Test : 0 mm
Sputum Smear AFB:
Negative
CD4 : 84 Cells (4%)
ATT started
5
Case Study 1 (continued)
4 Months after:
11.10.2004
11 weeks after
Before ART
10 weeks after
13
IRIS CMV (Cytomegalovirus)
Source: Graeme Meintjes, HIV service, GF jooste Hospital, Department of Medicine, UCT
14
IRIS
Case Study 2
Case Study 2
A 22 yrs old male HIV +ve since Feb.2000,on
Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, found to be
eligible for ART on March06
ART was started on 8th March06
Presented with cough and grade 4 dyspnoea
on 16th May 2006
Dramatic improvement with PCP therapeutic
dose with steroids in 2 weeks time
16
6th March 2006 16th May
2006
CD4 166
CD4 199
21
Source: Battegay and Drechsler; Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS; 2006, 1; 56-61
Defining IRIS: Minor Criteria
Increase in CD4 cell count
Increase in measured specific immune
response
Spontaneous resolution of symptoms
without specific therapy
22
Source: Battegay and Drechsler; Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS; 2006, 1; 56-61
Practical Definition: NACO
Occurrence or manifestations of new
OIs within six weeks to six months after
initiating ART; with increase in CD4
count
Indias National AIDS Control Organization,
Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV-
infected Adults and Adolescents Including Post-
exposure Prophylaxis. May 2007
23
Onset of IRIS
24
Source: AIDS 2005, Vol 19 No4 ;399-406, Samuel A. Shelburne et al
HAART & HIV RNA Levels
25
Source: AIDS 2005, Vol 19 No4 ;399-406, Samuel A. Shelburne et al
IRIS & Non-IRIS Response to HAART
26
Source: AIDS 2005, Vol 19 No4 ;399-406, Samuel A. Shelburne et al
Clinical Spectrum
Heterogeneous
Onset; early/delayed
Atypical symptoms; generalized/local
Varying severity
Infectious agents/site of infection
27
Case Study 3
Jan07 >> 10yrs old girl, sputum +ve
Pulmonary tuberculosis was started on
Category -1 anti TB treatment
Feb.07 >> 11 Kg body weight, Hb 8.5gms% &
9% CD4 , started on d4T,3TC & EFV
Sept.07 >>15 kg body weight, Hb:11.9gms, &
33% CD4, sputm ve for AFB
Hospitalised
28
Case study 3 (continued)
Exertional dyspnea, pedal edema, & cough
Dyspnoeic at rest, tachycardia, pitting pedal
oedema, & cervical adenopathy
JVP elevated, S1 & S2 heard well, S3+;
systolic murmur +
Distended abdomen & Liver +
Basal rales at both lungs
29
Case Study 3 (continued)
30
Source: GHTM,Chennai
Case Study 3 (continued)
Source: GHTM,Chennai
31
Differential Diagnosis
Opportunistic infections
Drug side effects
32
Risk factors
Risk factors at base line:
Lower CD4 count prior to start of ART
Higher HIV-1 RNA levels at base line
Initiating ART in close proximity to starting therapy
for an OI
34
Management
Temporary cessation of ART has to be
considered if potentially life threatening forms
of IRIS develop
35
Key Points
IRIS less likely to occur when ART is initiated early
enough
HIV infected persons who come late in their disease
course are at risk from IRIS
Clinicians need to know about this syndrome and its
pathophysiology when working up the differential
diagnosis of a wide variety of clinical symptoms in
HIV-infected patients on ART
Important in countries where ART is prescribed for patients
who already have advanced immunodeficiency.
36
Additional slides
Case Study 4
Normal chest x ray before commencing HAART
38
Case Study 4 (continued)
Chest x ray 2 weeks after commencing
HAART
Demonstrates the presence of widespread
miliary shadowing
39
Case Study 4 (continued)
Chest x ray after the admission to the
intensive care unit.
Demonstrates the presence of bilateral
alveolar infiltrates compatible with ARDS
40
Case Study 4 (continued)
Normal chest x ray 3 weeks after discharge
41