Integration

Introduction
Integration is the reverse process of
Differentiation

Differentiating gives us a formula for the

gradient

Integrating can get us the formula for the

curve, if we know the gradient function

It can also be used to calculate the Area

under a curve
Teachings for Exercise 8A
 Integration
You can integrate functions of the
form f(x) = axn where n is real and Differentiating Integrating
a is a constant
Function Function
Integrating is the reverse process of
differentiation. Let us think about a
differentiation for a moment.
Multiply by the Divide by the
power power
If: y x2
dy
2x
dx So integrating 2x Reduce the Increase the
should give us x2, but power by 1 power by 1
If: y x2 5
we will be unsure as to
dy whether a number has
2x
dx been added or taken
away Gradient Gradient
If: y x2 - 7 Function Function

dy
2x
dx
8A
 Integration
You can integrate functions of the Mathematically
form f(x) = axn where n is real and speaking
a is a constant

dy
Integrating is the reverse process of
If: xn
differentiation. Let us think about a dx
differentiation for a moment.
Integrating
x n1
Function Then: y
n 1
Divide by the
power We increased the power by 1,
then divided by the (new)
power
Increase the
power by 1

Gradient
Function

8A
 Integration
You can integrate functions of the Example Questions
form f(x) = axn where n is real and
Integrate the following:
a is a constant
dy
a) x4 Increase the power
Integrating is the reverse process of dx by one, and divide by
differentiation. Let us think about a the new power
differentiation for a moment.
x5 DO NOT FORGET TO
Integrating
y c
5 ADD C!

Function

dy
Divide by the If: xn dy
power
dx b) x 5 Increase the power
dx by one, and divide by
the new power
Increase the x n 1 x 4
power by 1 Then: y y c DO NOT FORGET TO
n 1 4 ADD C!

Gradient 1
Function y x 4 c
4
8A
 Integration
You can integrate functions of the Example Questions
form f(x) = axn where n is real and
Integrate the following:
a is a constant
dy
c) 2 x3 Increase the power
Integrating is the reverse process of dx by one, and divide by
differentiation. Let us think about a the new power
differentiation for a moment. 2x4
y c DO NOT FORGET TO
Integrating 4 ADD C!

Function x4
y c
dy 2
Divide by the If: xn
dx dy 1
power d) 3x 2 Increase the power
dx by one, and divide by
the new power
x n 1
3
Increase the
Then: y 3x
2
c DO NOT FORGET TO
power by 1
n 1 y ADD C!
3
2
Gradient
3
Function
y 2x c
2
8A
Teachings for Exercise 8B
 Integration
You can apply the idea of Integration Example Question
separately to each term of dy/dx Integrate the following:
1
dy 3
6 x 2 x 3x 2
In short, if you have multiple terms to dx Integrate
integrate, do them all separately 3 each part
6x 2
2x 2
3x 2 separately
y
2 2 3 Tidy up
2
terms if
3 possible
2
y 3x x
2
2x 2 c

8B
 Integration
You can apply the idea of Integration Example Question
separately to each term of dy/dx Integrate the following:

1 12 1 32
f '( x) x x
In short, if you have multiple terms to 2 2 Integrate
integrate, do them all separately each part
1 1 separately
1 2 1 2
x x
y 2 2
1 1
2 2 Deal with
the
1 1 fractions

yx x
2 2 c
Rewrite if
1 necessary
y x c
x

8B
Teachings for Exercise 8C
 Integration
You need to be able to use the Example Question
correct notation for Integration Find:
1

x dx
n
3
( x
2
2 x ) dx
Integrate
each part
3
separately
x 2 2x4
This the the The dx is telling
3 4
integral sign, you to integrate 2 Deal with
meaning with respect to x
the
integrate
fractions
2 32
x 1 x4 c
This is the 3 2
expression to be
integrated
(brackets are often
used to separate it)

8C
 Integration
You need to be able to use the Example Question
correct notation for Integration Find:
3

x
n
dx (x 2
2) dx
Integrate
each part

1 separately
x 2
2x
This the the The dx is telling
integral sign, you to integrate 1
meaning with respect to x
2 Deal with
the
integrate
1 fractions

This is the 2x 2
2x c
expression to be
integrated
(brackets are often
used to separate it)

8C
 Integration
You need to be able to use the Example Question
correct notation for Integration Find:

x
2
n
dx (3 x 2
px q 2
) dx
Integrate
each part
separately
3x3 px 1
This the the The dx is telling q2 x
integral sign, you to integrate
3 1 Deal with
meaning with respect to x the
integrate fractions
x 3 px 1 q 2 x c
This is the
expression to be
integrated
(brackets are often p and q2 should be treated as if
used to separate it) they were just numbers!

8C
 Integration
You need to be able to use the Example Question
correct notation for Integration Find:

x 6) dt
n 2
dx (4t
Integrate
each part
separately
4t 3 6t c
This the the The dx is telling

3
integral sign, you to integrate
meaning with respect to x
integrate

This is the
expression to be
integrated
(brackets are often
used to separate it)

8C
Teachings for Exercise 8D
 Integration
All terms need to be written in then
form axn before Integrating (similar
to differentiation!) Rewrite terms

Integrate the function to the right: Integrate each
part

Simplify
ADD C!!!!!

Ensure you integrate each term in the same step!

A common mistake is that people integrate one term while rewriting another

They then integrate and have therefore integrated a term twice!

8D
 Integration
All terms need to be written in then
form axn before Integrating (similar Rewrite the fraction
to differentiation!) part, multiply the mini
bracket

Integrate the function to the right: Rewrite terms


Integrate

Simplify and
ADD C!!!!!

Ensure you integrate each term in the same step!

A common mistake is that people integrate one term while rewriting another

They then integrate and have therefore integrated a term twice!

8D
Teachings for Exercise 8E
 Integration
Example Question
You can find the constant of
integration, c, if you are given a The curve X with equation y = f(x)
point that the function passes passes through the point (2,15).
through Given that: f '( x) 5 x 2 3 x
Find the equation of X.
Up until now we have written c when
Integrating. f '( x) 5 x 2 3 x
3 2
Integrate
The point of this was that if we 5 x 3x
differentiate a number on its own, it f ( x) c
disappears. 3 2
Sub in (2,15)
3 2
5(2) 3(2)
Consequently, when integrating, we cannot be 15 c
sure whether a number was there originally, 3 2 Work out each
and what it was if there was one 40 12 fraction
15 c
3 2 Add the fractions
Step 1: Integrate as before, putting in c
together
5 x3 3x 2 1
Step 2: Substitute the coordinate in, and 1 f ( x ) 4
15 19 c
work out what c must be to make the 3 3 2 3
equation balance.. Work out c
1
c 4 8E
3
 Integration
You can find the constant of Example Question
integration, c, if you are given a
The curve X with equation y = f(x)
point that the function passes
passes through the point (4,5). Given
through
that: x2 2
f '( x)
Up until now we have written c when x
Integrating. Find the equation of X.

The point of this was that if we x2 2

differentiate a number on its own, it f '( x)
disappears. x Split into 2
parts
Consequently, when integrating, we cannot be x2 2
sure whether a number was there originally, f '( x)
and what it was if there was one x x Write in the
form axn
3 1

Step 1: Integrate as before, putting in c f '( x) x 2x
2 2

Step 2: Substitute the coordinate in, and 5 1 Integrate5

work out what c must be to make the x 2
2x 2 2 2 1
equation balance.. f ( x) f ( x ) x 4x 2 + c
5 1 5
2 2 8E
 Integration
You can find the constant of Example Question
integration, c, if you are given a
The curve X with equation y = f(x)
point that the function passes
passes through the point (4,5). Given
through
that: x2 2
f '( x)
Up until now we have written c when x
Integrating. Find the equation of X.

The point of this was that if we 1

2 52
differentiate a number on its own, it f ( x) x 4x 2 + c
disappears. 5 Rewrite for
substitution

2 5
f ( x) x 4 x +c
Consequently, when integrating, we cannot be 5
sure whether a number was there originally, y = 5, x = 4

2 5
and what it was if there was one 5 4 4 4 +c
5 Work out each
Step 1: Integrate as before, putting in c part carefully
Step 2: Substitute the coordinate in, and 5 12.8 8 + c
work out what c must be to make the 2 52 1
0.2 c
equation balance.. f ( x ) x 4x 2 + 0.2
5
8E
Summary
We have learnt what Integration is

We have seen it combined with

rewriting for substitution

We have learnt how to calculate the

missing value c, and why it exists in the
first place