3.

Literature Review
The findings showed that higher levels of relative
advantage, compatibility and image are significantly
associated with an increased intention to adopt e-
government services. In another study, Carter and
Belanger studied citizens adoption of e-government
services based on an integrated model that incorporated
constructs from the TAM and DOI theories, and from the
Web trust model.
In a pilot study, a questionnaire was administered to 140
undergraduate students in the US. The findings revealed that
perceived usefulness, relative advantage, and compatibility were
significant in increasing citizens intention to use e-government
services. However, in the main study, in which another group of
adults aged 14 to 83 years was surveyed, Carter and Belanger
found that perceived ease of use, compatibility and trustworthiness
were significant indicators of citizens intentions to use e-
government services. A comparison of the findings of the pilot study
with those of the main study showed that there were differences in
the determinants of intention to use e-government services.
Fewer e-government technology studies
have been undertaken in developing
countries. The findings showed that
differences in gender and education had a
significant impact on the adoption of e-
government services. The researchers found
that males used e-government information
and services more than females, and as the
level of education of survey participants
The adoption of e-government
services in developed countries,
such as usefulness, ease of use,
perceived risk, trustworthiness,
compatibility, external influence,
To address this gap, this study aimed to explore the factors that
Internet safety, interpersonal determine the adoption of e-government services in Kuwait, a
developing country, through empirical data collection and
influence, relative advantage, analysis using university student as subjects.

image and facilitating conditions,

relatively little is known about
whether these factors apply to
developing countries.
4. Research Model and Hypotheses
Eight models previously used in
the IS literature were merged in
an integrated model, all of which These eight models are:
had their origins in psychology, Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
sociology and communications. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)

Each model attempts to predict Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)

and explain user behaviour using The Motivated Model (MM)

a variety of independent The combined TAM and TPB (C-TAM-TPB)

variables. A unified model was The model of PC Utilization (MPCU)

created based on the conceptual Difussion of Innovation (DOI), and
and empirical similarities across Social Cognitive Theory
these eight models.
The UTAUT model contains five direct
determinants of behavioural intention and use
behaviour
performance expectancy, which is the degree to which an individual
believes that using the system will help him or her to attain gains in
job performance
effort expectancy, which is the degree of ease associated with the
use of the system
social influence, which is the degree to which an individual perceives
that important others believe he or she should use the new system
facilitating conditions, which is the degree to which an individual
believes that an organisational and technical infrastructure exists to
support the use of the system
behavioural intention, which is the persons subjective probability
that he or she will perform the behaviour in question
 The comprehensiveness, validity and reliability of the
UTAUT model have encouraged the current authors of this
study to adopt and validate it in the context of e-
government adoption in a developing country.
Performance expectancy was measured by the
perceptions of using e-government services in terms of
benefits, such as saving time, money and effort,
facilitating communication with government, improving
the quality of government services and by providing
citizens with an equal basis on which to carry out their
business with government.
 Effort expectancy was measured by the perceptions of ease
of use of e-government services as well as ease of learning
how to use these services.
Social influence was replaced by peer influence as students
in their teens need to belong to or feel connected with
people of their own age and be with them to share attitudes,
interests and circumstances that resemble their own.
Facilitating conditions was measured by the perception of
being able to access required resources, as well as to obtain
knowledge and the necessary support needed to use e-
government services.
 H1. There would be a significant positive relationship between
performance expectancy and behavioural intentions to use e-
government services, and this relationship would be moderated by
gender, type of academic course and Internet experience.
H2. There would be a significant positive relationship between effort
expectancy and behavioural intentions to use e-government
services, and this relationship would be moderated by gender, type
of academic course and Internet experience.
H3. There would be a significant positive relationship between peer
influence and behavioural intentions to use e-government services,
and this relationship would be moderated by gender.
H4. There would be a significant positive relationship between
behavioural intention and use behaviour of e-government services.
H5. There would be a significant positive relationship between
facilitating conditions and use behaviour of e-government services,
and this relationship would be moderated by type of academic
course and Internet experience.