Tracing of Active Power flow in AC

Transmission Systems

Project Coordinator: UNDER GUIDANCE OF:

B.SATHYAVANI A.RAJAMALLAIAH
Asst. Prof Asst. Prof

BY:
MERUGU SRINIVAS REDDY 13K41A0241
GUGULOTH ANIL 13K41A0222
PITTA PREETHI 13K41A0255
TEKUMATLA RAJU 13K41A0269
MD.ENAYATH PASHA 13K41A0242
 CONTENTS
Load / power flow Studies
Different methods of Tracing power flow
Proportional Sharing Principle (PSP)
Drawbacks of PSP
Extended Incidence Matrix (EIM)
Advantages of ( EIM) over PSP
References
 LOAD/POWER FLOW
STUDIES
Load flow studies are performed to determine
the steady-state operation of an electric power
system.
It calculates the voltage at each bus, and the
power flow in all branch.
Losses in each branch and total system power
losses are also calculated.
Necessary for planning, economic scheduling,
and control of an existing system as well as

planning its future expansion.

DIFFERENT METHODS OF POWER FLOW
TRACING

1) Bialeks Tracing (proportional sharing

principle)
2) Graph method:
a) Extended Incidence Matrix
b) Breadth First Search
 PROPORTIONAL SHARING
PRINCIPLE
The Tracing methodology is based on the assumption
that, at any network node, the inflows are proportionally
distributed among the outflows.

From figure 1
ji to im is, 70*40/100= 28MW
ki to im is, 70*60/100= 42MW
ji to il is, 30*40/100= 12MW
ki to il is, 30*60/100= 18MW

Figure 1
 DREW BACKS OF PSP

It is not possible for reactive power

measurement.
Power sharing principle for power transfers
between generators and loads is not based on
mathematically strict derivation.
It is not possible for tracing active and reactive
power flow for multiple area system.
 EXTENDED INCIDENT MATRIX
METHOD
The proposed method is an analytical method
for tracing of power flow.
It does not need any assumption associated
with the power sharing principle.
It can handle any power system with or without
loop flows and is flexible to start with an AC or
DC power flow solution.
The elements of EIM will represent the power
flow relationship between the buses.
 EXTENDED INCIDENT MATRIX
METHOD
Formation of loss less power system:
An AC load flow solution is obtained by considering the
real and reactive power required by transmission line
resistance, reactance and capacitance (R-L-C) moved to
the loads and modelled as equivalent constant load.
There for line active power flow keep constant along the
line and with direction and system become loss-less.
EXTENDED INCIDENT MATRIX METHOD

1
EXTENDED INCIDENT MATRIX METHOD
PROPERTIES OF EIM :
Property1. Extended incidence matrix is nn square
matrix and is an invertible matrix. Hence A-1 is exists.

Property2. The sum of all elements in column of k of an

EIM equal to total active power of generators at bus k.
this property mathematically express as
A E = P G
 EXTENDED INCIDENT MATRIX
METHOD
Property3. The sum of all elements in row of k of an
EIM equal to total active load power at bus k, as
AE=PL
For the system load vector (PL) is [0 0 300 200].
 EXTENDED INCIDENT MATRIX
METHOD
PARTICIPATION OF EACH GENERATOR TO EACH LOAD
The generator capacity can be represented in a matrix and
the diagonal matrix is PGG =diag(PG1 , PG2 ,..... PGn). The
capacity of individual generator of the system is given by
 EXTENDED INCIDENT MATRIX
METHOD
DISTRIBUTION FACTOR MATRIX :
The relation between PL and PG i.e. participation of each
generator to each load and is named as distribution factor
matrix denoting as D.

10

The sum of all elements in column of distribution factor

matrix is unity.
This property verifies the correctness to the distribution
factor matrix can be applied to any power system.
EXTENDED INCIDENT MATRIX METHOD
In general generators participation is given by

11

Where DijPLj equals the active power of generator output at bus i to the load bus j.
EXTENDED INCIDENT MATRIX METHOD
PARTICIPATION OF EACH GENERATOR TO LINE FLOW
The distribution factor from any generator i to line s-t is
equal to distribution factor from generator bus i to bus s.

15
EXTENDED INCIDENT MATRIX METHOD
POWER EXTRACTED FROM EACH GENERATOR BY
LOADS
The tracing of power flow can be done in another way as
power extracted from each load from each generator.

17

Where,
L= Load extraction matrix

extracted load power can be represented

by matrix L and diagonal matrix
PLL=diag(PL1,PL2,...PLn).
EXTENDED INCIDENT MATRIX METHOD
EXTENDED INCIDENT MATRIX METHOD
POWER EXTRACTED BY LOADS FROM EACH LINE FLOW:

19
 ALGORITHM FOR THE TRACING OF
ACTIVE POWER FLOW USING EIM:
Step 1: Read the bus and line data (If phase shifting
transformer is present Read the Phase shift Angle)
Step 2: Form the Y-bus using the Singular Transformation
method in AC power flow.
Step 3: Obtain the line flows and line losses from the NR
method in case of AC power flow and DC power flow.
Step 4: Form the EIM using the Eqn.(1)
Step 5: Obtain the A-1 matrix using the Eqn. (5)
 ALGORITHM FOR THE TRACING OF
ACTIVE POWER FLOW USING EIM:
Step 6: Obtain the Distribution Factor matrix (D) using the
Eqn. (10)
Step 7: Obtain the contribution of each generator to each
load using the Eqn.(11)
Step 8: Obtain the contribution of each generator to each
line flow using the Eqn.(15)
Step 9: Obtain the Load extraction matrix (L) using the
Eqn. (17)
Step10: Obtain the contribution of each line flow to the
load using the Eqn. (19)
 ALGORITHM FOR THE TRACING OF
ACTIVE POWER FLOW USING EIM:
Step 11: Allocate the transmission service charge to the
each generator and the each load using Eqn.(20)
Step 12: Print the results
Step 13: STOP
 ADVANTAGES OF EXTENDED
INCIDENCE MATRIX METHOD
The major advantage of the proposed
method is that the matrix theory is used to
directly build the tracing of power flow
model.
No assumption is made in tracing of
power flow.
This method can be applied to any power
flow studies like AC, DC, loop flows.
 REFERENCES
J.Bialek, Tracing the flow of electricity ,
IEEE Proceedings Gener. , Trans . and
Distri. , vol. 143, no.4 , pp. 313-320, Jul.
1996
D. Kirschen, R. Allan, G. Strbac,
Contribution of individual generators to
loads and flows, IEEE Transactions on Power
System 12 (1) (1997) 52-60.
Bialek, J . Topological generation and load
distribution factors for supplement charge
allocation in transmission open access ,
IEEE Trans. , 1997 , PWRS -12 , (3), pp.
1185- 1193.
Thank you