Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Pressure Concepts
Depth:
Measured
Depth (MD).
True Vertical
Depth (TVD).
I.Pressure Concepts
Force:
((Force = Mass X Acceleration))
DENISTY:
((= Mass (or Weight) Per Unit Volume))
Pressure
((Is an Expression of Force Per Unit Area))
Hydrostatic Pressure.
Frictional Pressure.
Annulus Pressure.
Well Bore Pressure.
Differential Pressure.
Bottom Hole Pressure.
Pressure Concepts
Balance:
((Refer to the Relation Between the
Formation Pressure and the
Hydrostatic Head))
Balanced.
Under Balanced.
Overbalanced.
II.ROCK PROPERTIES
Porosity.
Saturation.
Permeability.
Overburden.
Formation pore pressure.
Compaction.
Matrix stress.
1. Porosity
Matrix
Pores
HPP 40%.
At 10000, shale porosity
reaches 5%.
Secondary porosity:
Those ones created after initial
deposition.
Either by dissolving or
fracturing.
2. Saturation
Is that fraction of pore volume that is
filled with a given fluid.
A 20% sw = 20% of the pores are filled
w/ water & 80% w/ other fluid which may be
oil or gas.
3. PERMEAPLITY
Is a measure of the ease with which a
fluid will flow through a formation.
Q= k*a* (p1 p2)/v*l.
K = QVL/A(P1-P2) in millidarcies.
The larger the porosity the higher the
permeabilty.
4. Overburden
Overburden load:
Is the combined weight of the formation
matrix and the fluids overlying a
formation.
Overburden pressure:
Is the pressure exerted by the
overburden load upon underlying
formations.
Compaction
It is PRINCIPALY a process of
mechanical rearrangement
Factors Affecting Compaction
Rate
1. Rate of deposition.
2. Tectonic forcess.
3. Formation permeability.
4. Lithology.
5. Diagenesis.
6. Osmosis.
Overburden
Overburden
pressure
Matrix Stress
Pore Fluid
Pressure
Matrix Stress
This is an expression
of the pressure unit
per unit depth. e.g.
psi/ft.
ppg..
5.Formation Pressure
Matrix
Pores
Expelled fluid
Normal Pressure
Matrix
Pores
Abnormal Pressure
S = Mv + P
S= overburden.
Mv= Vertical matrix stress.
P= formation pore pressure.
Equilibrium
Overburden
pressure
Matrix Stress
Pore Fluid
Pressure
4.Transition Zone
This is an argillaceous
sequence of gradual pore
pressure increase above a
permeable high pressure
formation.
Causes of Abnormal Pressure
Rapid subsidence and sediment
accumulation.
Thermal expansion.
Tectonic movement.
Reservoir altitude.
Clay digenesis.
Repress ring of shallow reservoirs.
Signs of Abnormal pressure
Normalized drilling rate (Drilling models).
Change in rotary torque.
Change in drag.
Shale density.
Gas analysis.
Flow line temperature.
Size and shape of cuttings.
Open hole logs.
Normalized Drilling Rate
1. Weight on bit.
2. Rotary speed.
3. Bit diameter.
4. Bit type.
5. Rock type.
6. Mud properties.
7. Differential pressure.
8. Hydraulics.
d Exponent
R/60N= (12W/10^6D)^d
-Log(R/60N)=d*log (12W/106D)
-d= Log(R/60N)/ log (12W/10^6D)
R=rop (ft/hr).
N= rpm.
W=wob (ib)
D= bit diameter (in).
Corrected d exponent
Dc = d*(n/mw)
N= normal pp
Mw= mud weight
Factors Affecting dc
1. Bit wear
2. Lithologic change
3. Drastic changes in drilling parameters.
4. Bit types.
Flow Line Temperature
Formation fluids tend to act as thermal
barriers or insulators which impede the
normal flow of heat from the earths
core to the surface.
Flow Line Temperature
Size and shape of cuttings
A cutting drilled near balanced
conditions will be larger and more
angular in shape than one which is
drilled under conditions of greater
overbalance.
Pore Pressure Calculations
1.Depth of seal
FP=Sf-[(Se-n)/(TVDe/TVDf)]
FP= fm pressure
Sf= overburden at wanted depth
Se= overburden at depth of seal.
N= normal pp.
TVDe= depth of seal
TVDf= fm depth
Pore Pressure Calculations
2. Eaton equation 1000
FP=Sf-(Sf-n)*(DCo/DCn)^m 1500
FP= fm pressure
Sf= overburden at wanted depth 2000
TV D (m )
N= normal pp.
2500
DCo= observed dxc Top
Ove rpre ss ure
NCT
3500
0.1 1 10
Dc Exponent
Resistivity Sonic
1000 1000
re s pons e
1500 1500 in cas ing
Cycle
2000 2000 Sk ipping
T V D (m )
T V D (m )
2500 2500 Top of
Ove rpre s s ure
Top
Ove rpre s s ure
3000 3000
NCT
NCT
3500 3500
0.1 1 10
100 Sonic (usec/m) 1000
RILD (ohm.m)
III- FRACTURE PRESSURE
The fracture is
developed
perpendicular to the
minimum stress
Poisson Ratio
Fr={V/(1-V)}*(S-P)+P
Leak off Test
Application of
pressure to a
formation to
determine its
fracture pressure,
without fracturing
the formation.
Frp= MWt + LOP
TVDt*.052
Thanks for your attention