Wind Load: The IBC -2012 and

ASCE 7 -10 Provisions

Mithun Pal
Civil/Structural Engineer
1
 Contents

Objectives
Important Definitions
Major Changes in ASCE
7-10 from ASCE 7-05
Wind Load Calculation
Procedure
Wind Load Calculation as
2
per IBC-2012 and ASCE
7-10 and Load
Combinations
Conclusion
Wind Loads for
Petrochemical Facilities
Q&A
 Explain the
Objectives

design steps for

Wind Load
calculation as
per IBC-2012
and ASCE 7-10
To demonstrate
the changes
made in ASCE 7-
10 from ASCE 7-
3
05
To explain ASCE
guidelines for
Wind Load
calculation on
Petrochemical
Facilities.
 Basic Wind Speed
3 sec gust speed at
10m above the
ground in Exposure
C.
Gust - A wind
Important Definitions

gust is a sudden,
brief increase in the
speed of the wind
followed by a break.
4 Gust Factor
Factor to account
the dynamics of
wind fluctuation and
load amplification
by building
dynamics.
 Type of buildings
Enclosure Classification
Open Building Building having
each wall at least 80% open.
Ao > 0.8Ag

Partially Enclosed Building

Ratio of total area of openings
in a wall receiving positive
external pressure and sum of
total openings (roof and wall) is
Important Definitions (Cont.)

more than 10% and total area of

5
openings receiving positive
pressure is more than 4 sq.ft.
Ao > 1.10 Aoi, and
Ao > min[4 sqft , 0.01Ag], and
Aoi/Agi < 0.20
Enclosed Building A building
that does not comply with the
requirements for open or
partially enclosed building.
 Type of buildings (Cont.)
Low Rise Building Enclosed
or partially enclosed building
having mean roof height (h)
less than or equal to 60 ft
(18m) and mean roof height
does not exceed the least
horizontal dimension.
Simple Diaphragm A building
in which both windward and
leeward wind loads are
transmitted by roof and vertical
spanning wall assemblies,
Important Definitions (Cont.)

through continuous floor and

6
roof diaphragms to the
MWFRS.
Flexible Structure
Structure having
fundamental natural
frequency less than 1 Hz
 Exposure Category
Adequately reflects the
characteristics of ground
surface irregularities.
Exposure A Deleted in ASCE 7-02
and later.
Exposure B - Urban and suburban
areas, wooded areas, areas with
many closely spaced obstructions.
This category includes terrains with
numerous closely spaced
obstruction that extends upto 1500 ft
with building of height upto 30 ft and
2600 ft or 20 times the height,
whichever is greater, for building of
height more than 30 ft.
Important Definitions (Cont.)

Exposure C - Open terrain with

7
scatter obstructions. Airports, areas
that are generally flat open country.
Exposure D - Flat, unobstructed
areas and water surfaces. This
category includes smooth mud flats,
salt flats, and unbroken ice that
extend 5,000 ft or 20 times the
building height, whichever is greater,
in the upwind direction.
 Risk Category A
categorization of buildings
and other structures
based on the risk
associated with
unacceptable
performance. (Refer
Table 1.5-1).
Risk Categories replace the
Occupancy Categories of
ASCE 7-05
Important Definitions (Cont.)

Risk Category I
8 Occupancy Category I
Risk Category II
Occupancy Category II
Risk Category III
Occupancy Category III
Risk Category IV
Occupancy Category IV
 In ASCE 7-05 Wind Load is in
Chapter-6, but in ASCE 7-10 Wind
Load is in Chapter -26 to Chapter
31.
Removal of the Occupancy Factor
(Importance Factor) and
introduction of Risk Category.
Revised Load Factor for wind in
ASD and LRFD load combinations.
Changes in ASCE 7 - 10

Revised pressure values for

minimum design loads.
Reinstating applicability of
9
Exposure D in hurricane prone
regions.
Revised wind speed triggers for
definition of hurricane prone region
and wind-borne debris region.
Allowable building height for
simplified procedure is increased
from 60 ft to 160 ft.
 Method 1 Directional
Procedure
Buildings of all height
(ASCE 7-10 Chapter 27)
Method 2 Envelop
Procedure
For low-rise buildings
(ASCE 7-10 Chapter 28) .
Method 3 Directional
Procedure for Building
10
Appurtenances
For building appurtenances
Wind Load Calculation Procedures

(ASCE 7-10 Chapter 29).

Method 4 Wind
Tunnel Procedure
For any building (ASCE 7-
10 Chapter 31).
 Directional Procedure
Wind direction specific
External pressure Cp depends on
wind direction.
Cp utilized are based on wind
tunnel testing corresponding to
wind direction.

Envelop Procedure
Not dependent on wind direction
11 Pseudo-External pressure Cpf is
derived from wind tunnel testing to
produce maximum structural
actions among all directions.
Pseudo-External pressure Cpf is
lumped together with the gust
factor, G, and GCpf is given for
Wind Load Calculation Procedures (Cont.)

different areas of building.

 Wind Load Calculation Procedures
(ASCE 7-05)

Wind Load
ASCE 7-05

Simplified Procedure Analytical Procedure Wind Turbine

(For low-rise Procedure
(For all buildings)
diaphragm building) (For all building)
Section 6.5
Section 6.4 Section 6.6

MWFRS C&C Enclosed and Partially Solid Freestanding

Open Building Other Structures
Enclosed Building Walls and Signs
Section 6.4.1.1 Section 6.4.1.2 Section 6.5.13 Section 6.5.15
Section 6.5.12 Section 6.5.14

MWFRS C&C MWFRS C&C

Section 6.5.12.1.3 Section 6.5.12.4 Section 6.5.13.1.2 Section 6.5.13.3

Rigid Buildings of All Low-Rise Building,

Low-Rise Building Building, h > 60ft
Height h<60ft
Section 6.5.12.2.2 Section 6.5.12.4.2
Section 6.5.12.2.1 Section 6.5.12.4.1

Alternation for
Flexible Building Parapet Buildings Parapet
Section 6.5.12.2.3 Section 6.5.12.2.4 60 ft < h < 90ft Section 6.5.12.4.4
Section 6.5.12.4.3

MWFRS Main Wind Force Resisting System

12
C&C Components and Cladding
 Wind Load Calculation Procedures
(ASCE 7-10)

Wind Load
ASCE 7-10

Envelope Procedure for Directional Method for

Directional Method for MWFRS Building Appurtenances Wind Load on C&C Wind Tunnel Procedure
MWFRS
Section 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 31
Chapter 27

Part 1: Closed and Part 2: Enclosed Solid

Partially Enclosed Low- Simple Diaphragm Part 1:Directional
Part 1: For Enclosed, Partially Freestanding Method for Enclosed and
Part 2: Enclosed Simple Rise Buildings Low-Rise Buildings Walls and Signs
Enclosed and Open Building Partially Enclosed
Diaphragm Buildings (Analytical Procedure) (Simplified Procedure)
of all heights Section 29.4.1 Buildings h< 60ft
(Simplified Procedure)
(Analytical Procedure) Section 30.4
Low-Rise Solid Attached
Enclosed and Buildings Signs
Walls and Roof Part 2:Simplified
Partially Surfaces Section 28.4.1 Section 29.4.2 Procedure for Enclosed
Enclosed Rigid Sections 27.6.1 Buildings h< 60ft
Buildings
Section 30.5
Section 27.4.1
Roof Overhangs
Roof Overhangs Section 28.4.3 Other Structure Part 3:Directional
Open Buildings Sections 27.6.3 Section 29.5 Method for Enclosed
with Roofs and Partially Enclosed
Section 27.4.3 Buildings h> 60ft
Parapets
Section 30.6
Parapets Sections 28.4.2 Rooftop
Section 27.6.2 Structures and
Parapets equipment for Part 4:Simplified
Section 27.4.5 Buildings with h Procedure for Enclosed
< 60ft Buildings h< 160ft
Section 29.5.1 Section 30.7
Roof Overhangs
Section 27.4.4
Part 5: Directional
Procedure for Open
Enclosed and Building of All Heights
Partially
Section 30.8
Enclosed Flexible
Buildings
Section 27.4.2
Part 6: Directional
Procedure for Building
Appurtenances
Section 30.9

13
 The basic form of the pressure
equation:

p = qGC
Where
p = a wind pressure on a
surface
q = velocity pressure. This is
ASCE 7-10 Wind Pressures

the pressure due to a moving

fluid on a flat plate
14
G = gust factor. The gust
factor accounts for dynamic
interaction between the
flowing air and the structure
C = pressure coefficient. The
pressure coefficient accounts
for varying pressure across a
surface.
 qz =Velocity Pressure =
0.613KzKzt KdV2 (N/m2)
Velocity Pressure, q

= 0.00256KzKzt
KdV2 (lb/ft2)
V = Basic wind speed in mph
Kz = Exposure Coefficient
See ASCE 7-10 Cl.27.3.2, Cl.28.3.2 and Cl.29.3.2

Kzt = Topographical Factor

15
Kd = Wind Directionality Factor
Evaluated at an elevation z:
qz = 0.00256V2 KzKztKd
Evaluated at the building
mean roof elevation, h:
qh = 0.00256V2 KhKhtKd
 Basic Wind Speed, V

See ASCE 7-10 Cl.26.5.1

Category III

26.5-1C for
26.5-1B for
Category II
26.5-1A for

Category I
Use Fig.

Use Fig.

Use Fig.
Risk

Risk

Risk
& IV
Importance Factor, I Deleted from ASCE 7-10 and
accounted in Basic Wind Speed.

16
 Modifies basic
wind pressure for
heights other than
33 ft and
exposures other
than exposure C
Use Table 27.3-1,
Table 28.3-1 and
Coefficients, Kz and Kh

Table 29.3-1 for

the value of KZ or
17 Kh
Velocity Pressure Exposure

See ASCE 7-10 Table 27.3-1, Table 28.3-1 and Table 29.3-1

Compute K
directly from
equations in the
commentary for
any height and/or
exposure.
 Kz & Kh Computation

Kz = 2.01(z/zg)2/a
When z > zg use z = zg
When z < 15 use z = 15 ft

Table 26.9-1

18
 See ASCE 7-10 26.8 & Fig. 26.8-1
Topographical Factor, Kzt

Kzt = 1.0 when:

19
H/Lh < 0.2, or
H < 15' for
Exposures C & D,
or
H < 60' for
Exposure B.

Kzt = (1+K1K2K3)2
 Kzt Constants
See ASCE 7-10 Fig 26.8-1

20
 Kzt Multipliers by Equation

See ASCE 7-10 Fig 26.8-1

21
 This
facto
r
shall
only
be
appli
ed
whe
n
used
See ASCE 7-10 Cl.26.6 and Table 26.6-1
Directionality Factor, Kd

in
conj
uncti
on
22
with
load
com
binat
ions
spec
ified
 See ASCE 7-10 Cl.26.9
Gust Factor, G

For Rigid
structures
G = 0.85

For flexible
buildings and
23
other structures
Calculate G as per
Cl.26.9 or by a
rational analysis
that incorporates
the dynamic
properties of the
main wind-force
resisting system.
 The pressure coefficients
are based on
The enclosure category of
the structure
The location on a structure
for which a pressure is to be
computed.
Pressure Coefficients, C

The pressure coefficients

have been determined
experimentally from wind
24
tunnel studies done on
regular shaped structures
The coefficient represents
the ratio between
measured pressure and
the computed basic
velocity pressure.
 Location of Pressure

25
ASCE 7 provides means
for computing forces on
various surfaces.
The building envelope
surfaces experience
pressure on both sides (i.e.
external and internal).
 Internal pressure is fairly easy
because the air is relatively
stagnant and the shape of the
structure does not affect its
magnitude.
As gusting is not a concern
internally, the gust factor and
the pressure coefficient are
combined.
See ASCE 7-10 Cl.26.11 & Table 26.11-1

GCpi
The magnitude of the internal
pressure coefficient is strictly
dependent on the enclosure
classification.
26
The pressure can be both
positive or negative (i.e.
suction) depending on the
direction of the wind relative to
opening for partially enclosed
or enclosed buildings.
Internal Pressure Coefficients, GCpi

Both internal pressures must be

considered.
Internal Pressure

Table 26.11-1

27
 As external surfaces are subject
to flowing air, the pressure
varies considerably on the
building surface depending on
structural configuration and
direction of the wind.
Coefficients also depend on
whether the resulting forces are
to be used to design/analyze:
Main Wind-Force Resisting Systems
(MWFRS)
The structural elements necessary
to provide supports and stability of
overall structure (foundation,
28
See ASCE 7-10 Table 27.4-1 to 27.4-3 and Table 28.4-1

column, beams, truss, bracing, wall

diaphragm etc.).
External Pressure Coefficients, Cp

Components & Cladding (C&C)

Elements of the building envelope
that do not qualify as part of the
MWFRS (Windows, doors, curtain
walls, roof sheeting and coverings,
overhangs, building attachments
etc.).
 For Wind Load calculation
for enclosed, partially
enclosed and open
See ASCE 7-10 Chapter 27

buildings of all height.

Conditions
Building shall be of regular
Directional Procedure

shape
Building does not have
response characteristics
making it subject to cross-
wind loading, vortex,
29
shedding, instability due to
galloping or flutter or it does
not have a location that
creates channelling effect.
Limitations Building
having unusual shapes or
response.
 Part-1: Design Steps for
MWFRS (Analytical
Procedure)
See ASCE 7-10 Table 27.2-1

Step 1: Determine risk

category (Table 1.5-1)
Step 2: Determine Basic
Wind Speed
Step 3: Determine Wind
Parameters (Kd, Exposure
Category, Kzt, G, Enclosure
Directional Procedure (Cont.)

30
Classification, GCpi)
Step 4: Determine velocity
pressure exposure
coefficient Kz or Kh (Table
27.3-1)
Step 5: Determine velocity
pressure qz or qh (Eq. 27.3-
1)
 Part-1: Design Steps for
MWFRS (Contd.)
Step 6: Determine external
pressure coefficient Cp or CN
Fig. 27.4-1 for walls and flat, gable,
hip, monoslope
Fig. 27.4-2 for domed roofs
Fig. 27.4-3 for arched roofs
Fig. 27.4-4 for monoslope roof,
open building
Fig. 27.4-5 for pitched roof, open
building
Fig. 27.4-6 for troughed roof, open
building
Fig. 27.4-7 for along-ridge / valley
wind load case for monoslope,
pitched or troughed roof
Directional Procedure (Cont.)

31
Step 7: Wind pressure, p
Eq. 27.4-1 for rigid buildings
Eq. 27.4-2 for flexible buildings
Eq. 27.4-3 for open buildings
 Finding Net Pressure
Wind Loads Enclosed and
partially enclosed Rigid
Building
p=qGCp-qi(GCpi ) (lb/ft2)(N/m2)
(Eq. 27.4-1)
Wind Loads Enclosed and
partially enclosed Flexible
Building
p=qGfCp-qi(GCpi ) (lb/ft2)(N/m2)
(Eq. 27.4-2)
Directional Procedure (Cont.)

Wind Loads Open Building

32 with monoslope, pitched or
troughed roofs
p=qGCN (lb/ft2)(N/m2)
(Eq. 27.4-3)
(CN is net pressure
coefficient from fig 27-4-4 to 27-
4-7)
 Directional Procedure (Cont.)

33
The net pressure is the vector
sum of the internal and
external pressure
Note the sign positive
pressure externally opposes
positive pressure internally (i.e.
they act in opposite directions)
 Directional Procedure (Cont.)

See ASCE 7-10 Table 27.5-1

Part-2: Design Steps for Diaphragm Building

(h<160ft) (Simplified Procedure)
Step 1: Determine risk category (Table 1.5-1).
Step 2: Determine Basic Wind Speed.
Step 3: Determine Wind Parameters (Kd, Exposure
Category, Kzt, Enclosure Classification).
Step 4: Enter Table to determine net pressure on walls at
top and base of building ph and p0 (Table 27.6-1).
Step 5: Enter Table to determine net roof pressure pz
(Table 27.6-2).

34
 Part-2: Design Steps
for Diaphragm Building
(h<160ft) (Simplified
Procedure) (Cont.)
Step 6: Determine
topographical factor, Kzt
and apply to wall and roof
pressure.
Step 7: Apply loads to
walls and roofs
Directional Procedure (Cont.)

simultaneously.
35

Diaphragm Flexibility
The design procedure
applies to buildings
having either rigid or
flexible diaphragms.
Directional Procedure (Cont.)

36
Directional Procedure (Cont.)

Table to Calculate wind

Pressure on walls
Table 27.6-1

37
Directional Procedure (Cont.)

Table to Calculate wind

Pressure on roof
Table 27.6-2

38
 Minimum Design Wind
Loads
The Load effect of the
design wind pressure shall
not be less than a minimum
load defined by assuming
the pressure, ps, +16 psf for
wall and +8 psf for roof onto
Directional Procedure (Cont.)

a vertical plane normal to

39
the assumed wind direction.
Wall and roof loads shall be
applied simultaneously.
The design pressure for
open building shall not be
less than 16 psf.
 For Wind Load calculation for
enclosed and partially
See ASCE 7-10 Chapter 28

enclosed low-rise buildings.

Condition
Envelope Procedure

For building of height less than

60 ft
Building shall be of regular
shape
Building does not have response
characteristics making it subject
40
to cross-wind loading, vortex,
shedding, instability due to
galloping or flutter or it does not
have a location that creates
channelling effect.
Limitations Building having
unusual shapes or response.
 Envelope Procedure (Cont.)
See ASCE 7-10 Table 28.2-1

Part-1: Design Steps for MWFRS

Step 1: Determine risk category (Table 1.5-1).
Step 2: Determine Basic Wind Speed.
Step 3: Determine Wind Parameters (Kd, Exposure
Category, Kzt, Enclosure Classification, GCpi).
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficint Kz
or Kh using Table 28.3-1.
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure qz or qh.
Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient (GCp)
using Fig 28.4-1.
Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p, from Eq. 28.4-1
41
 Design Wind Pressure
Wind Loads Enclosed and
partially enclosed Rigid
Building
p=qh[(GCpf ) - (GCpi )] (lb/ft2)
Envelope Procedure (Cont.)

(N/m2) (Eq. 28.4-1)

42
External Pressure
Coefficient (GCpf )
The combined gust effect
factor and external pressure
coefficients for low-rise
buildings, (GCpf ), are not
permitted to be separated.
 Envelope Procedure (Cont.)
See ASCE 7-10 Table 28.5-1

Part-2: Design Steps for Low-Rise Diaphragm Building

(Simplified Procedure)
Step 1: Determine risk category (Table 1.5-1).
Step 2: Determine Basic Wind Speed.
Step 3: Determine Wind Parameters (Exposure Category,
Kzt).
Step 4: Enter Table to determine net pressure on walls at top
and base of building ph and p0, Table 27.6-1.
Step 5: Enter Table to determine net roof pressure pz, Table
27.6-2

43
 Design Wind Pressure
Wind Loads Enclosed and
partially enclosed Rigid
Building
ps=Kztps30 (lb/ft2)(N/m2)
Envelope Procedure (Cont.)

(Eq. 28.6-1)
44

= adjustment factor
for building height and
exposure from Fig. 28.6-1
ps30 = Simplified Design
Wind Pressure (psf) , Fig.
28.6-1
Envelope Procedure (Cont.)

Figure 28.6-1

45
 Minimum Design Wind
Loads
The Load effect of the
design wind pressure shall
Envelope Procedure (Cont.)

not be less than a minimum

46
load defined by assuming
the pressure, ps, for zones A
and C equal to +16 psf,
Zones B and D equal to +8
psf, while assuming ps for
Zones E, F, G and H are
equal to 0 psf.
Wind Loads on Other Structures and
Building Appurtenances

See ASCE 7-10 Chapter 29

For Wind Load calculation on building appurtenances
(rooftop structure and equipments) and other
structures of all heights (solid freestanding walls and
solid signs, chimneys, tanks, open signs, lattice
frameworks and trussed tower) using the Directional
Procedure.
Condition Same as Directional Procedure.
Limitations Same as Directional Procedure.

47
 Wind Loads on Other Structures and
Building Appurtenances (Cont.)

See ASCE 7-10 Table 29.1-1

Design Steps
Step 1: Determine risk category (Table 1.5-1).
Step 2: Determine Basic Wind Speed.
Step 3: Determine Wind Parameters (Kd, Exposure Category,
Kzt and G).
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient K z
or Kh using Table 29.2-1.
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure qz or qh using Eq. 29.4-1

48
 Design Steps (Cont.)
Step 6: Determination of
Force Coefficient Cf
Fig. 29.4-1 for Solid
freestanding signs or wall
Fig. 29.5-1 for Chimneys,
Tanks, Rooftop equipments
Fig. 29.5-2 for Open Signs,
Lattice Frameworks
Fig. 29.4-3 for Trussed Tower

49
Building Appurtenances (Cont.)

Step 7: Calculate Wind

Force, F
Eq. 29.4-1 for signs and walls
Wind Loads on Other Structures and

Eq. 29.5-2 and Eq. 29.5-3 for

rooftop structures and
equipments
Eq. 29.5-1 for other structures
 Design Wind Force
Wind Loads Solid
freestanding wall and sign
F=qhGCfAs (lb)(N) (Eq.
29.4-1)
Wind Loads Rooftop
structures and equipments
(Roof height < 60ft)
Fh=qh(GCr)Af (lb)(N)
(Eq. 29.5-2)
50
Building Appurtenances (Cont.)

Fv=qh(GCr)Ar (lb)(N)
(Eq. 29.5-3)
Wind Loads on Other Structures and

Wind Loads Other structures

F=qzGCfAf (lb)(N) (Eq.
29.5-1)
 qh = the velocity wind pressure at a
height h
G = Gust factor as per Cl.26.9
Cf = net force coefficient from Fig.
29.4-1, Fig. 29.5-1 to 29.5-3
As= Gross area of solid freestanding
wall and sign
Af= Projected area normal to the
wind.
Ar= Horizontal projected area of
rooftop structure or equipment.
51
GCr= 1.9 for rooftop structures and
Building Appurtenances (Cont.)

equipments with Af less than 0.1Bh

and shall be reduced to 1.9 to 1.0 as
0.1Bh is increased to Bh
Wind Loads on Other Structures and

GCr= 1.5 for rooftop structures and

equipments with Ar less than 0.1BL
and shall be reduced to 1.5 to 1.0 as
0.1BL is increased to BL
 Minimum
Design
Wind
Loads
Design
wind
52
load for
Building Appurtenances (Cont.)

other
structure
shall not
Wind Loads on Other Structures and

be less
than 16
lb/ft2.
Wind Loads on Components and Cladding
(C&C)

See ASCE 7-10 Chapter 30

Part-1
Envelop Procedure for enclosed and partially enclosed
buildings.
Building has a flat roof, gable roof, stepped roof, hip roof,
monoslope roof or sawtooth roof.
Part-2
Envelop Procedure for enclosed buildings.
Building has a flat, gable or hip shape roofs.

53
Wind Loads on Components and Cladding
(C&C) (Cont.)

Part-3
Directional Procedure for enclosed and partially enclosed
buildings having h > 60 ft.
Building has a flat, pitched, gable, hip, mansard, arched, dome
roofs.
Part-4
Directional Procedure for enclosed buildings having h < 160 ft.
Building has a flat, pitched, gable, hip, mansard, arched, dome
roofs.

54
Wind Loads on Components and Cladding
(C&C) (Cont.)

Part-5
Directional Procedure for open building having pitched,
monoslope or troughed roofs.
Part-6
Directional Procedure for roof overhangs and parapets of
buildings.

55
Wind Loads on Components and Cladding
(C&C) (Cont.)

Types of Roofs
56
Wind Loads on Components and Cladding
(C&C) (Cont.)

Types of Roofs (Cont.)

57
Wind Loads on Components and Cladding
(C&C) (Cont.)

Types of Roofs (Cont.)

58
 Permitted for any building
See ASCE 7-10 Chapter 31

or structure
Required for
Buildings or other structures
with unusual shapes
Wind Tunnel Procedure

Buildings or other structures

with unusual response
characteristics and thus
59
subject to the following:
Across-wind loading
Vortex shedding
Instability due to galloping
or flutter
Channelling effects
Buffeting in the wake of
upwind obstructions
 Load Combinations

Design ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10

Process
LRFD 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.8W) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)

1.2D + 1.6W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H 0.9D + 1.0W

ASD D +W D + 0.6W

D + 0.75(W) + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R) D + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R)

0.6D + W 0.6D + 0.6W

60
 Changes in ASCE 7-10
produces greater differences in
Conclusion

design pressure for areas

within Hurricane prone regions.
The changes for other areas
dont produce much change in
wind pressure
Examples-
Risk Category II
-ASCE 7-05 Wind Speed = 90 mph
(I=1.0) .(Fig 6-1, ASCE7-05)
-ASCE 7-10 Wind Speed = 115 mph
.(Fig 26.5-1A, ASCE7-10)
61
-Ratio in wind pressure = 1.0 x 1.6 x
902 / 1152 = 0.98
Risk Category III
-ASCE 7-05 Wind Speed = 90 mph
(I=1.15) .(Fig 6-1, ASCE7-05)
-ASCE 7-10 Wind Speed = 120 mph
.(Fig 26.5-1B, ASCE7-10)
-Ratio in wind pressure = 1.15 x 1.6 x
902 / 1202 = 1.035
 (ASCE 7)

Wind Loads on Pipe Rack

Wind Force Shall be
calculated with Directional
Procedure as per Chapter 29 of
ASCE 7-10
Piping Tributary Area
62
A = L (D+10%W)
(Cl.5.1.1)
Cable Trays Tributary Area
A = L (h+10%W)
Wind Loads for Petrochemical Facilities

(Cl.5.1.2)
 Wind Loads on Pipe Rack
(Cont.)
(ASCE 7) (Cont.)

Force Coefficient
For structural members
(Cl.5.1.3)
Cf = 1.8 or
Cf = 2.0 at and below first
level and 1.6 for members
above first level

63
For Pipes
(Cl.5.1.4)
Cf = 0.7 as minimum
Cf = shall be calculated as
per Fig. 29.5-1
Wind Loads for Petrochemical Facilities

For Trays
(Cl.5.1.5)
Cf = 2.0
 Wind Loads on Open
Structure (Process
Structures, Reactor
(ASCE 7) (Cont.)

Operating Structures)
Frame Load Shall be as
per Eq. 29.5-1 of ASCE 7-
10
Force Coefficient of set of
frames
Cf = CDg /
64 CDg= force coefficient
for set of frames, from
Fig. 5.1
= effective solid area
(As) / gross area of
Wind Loads for Petrochemical Facilities

wind-ward frame (Ag)

Wind Loads for Petrochemical Facilities
(ASCE 7) (Cont.)

Figure 5.1

N = Number of frames
SF =frame spacing
Figure 5.1
B =Frame width

65
 (ASCE 7) (Cont.)

Fig 29.5-1

Wind Loads on Open

66
Structure (Process
Structures, Reactor
Operating Structures)
(Cont.)
Force Coefficient of
Wind Loads for Petrochemical Facilities

Components
 Wind Loads on
Open Structure
(Process
Structures,
Reactor
(ASCE 7) (Cont.)

Operating
Structures)
(Cont.)
Design Load Cases

FS = Frame
wind load
67
FT = Frame load
+ piping wind
load +
equipment wind
load
Wind Loads for Petrochemical Facilities

Design Wind Load =

FT+0.5FS
 (ASCE 7) (Cont.)

Vertical Vessel
68

Use Chapter 29 of ASCE 7-

10 for velocity pressure
calculation
Gust factor shall be
Wind Loads for Petrochemical Facilities

calculated based on empty

or operating vessel
frequency (f = 1/T)
 Vertical Vessel (Cont.)
For the projected width, add
5 ft (1.52m) to the diameter
of the vessel or add 3 ft
(0.91m) plus the diameter of
the largest pipe to the
vessel, whichever is greater
(ASCE 7) (Cont.)

to account for platforms,

ladders, nozzles and piping
below the top tangent line in
detail platform information is
not available.
The vessel height should be
increased one vessel
69
diameter to account for a
large diameter pipe and
platform attached above the
top tangent, as is the case
most tower arrangement.
Wind Loads for Petrochemical Facilities

The force coefficient Cf shall

be determined from ASCE 7
Table 29.5-1
 Horizontal Vessel
No check for dynamic properties is
required.
For the projected diameter add 1.5
ft (0.46m) to the insulated diameter
to account for ladders, nozzles and
pipe 8 in and smaller.
For transverse wind, the for
(ASCE 7) (Cont.)

coefficient, Cf, shall be determined

from ASCE 7-10, Figure 29.5-1.
For longitudinal wind, use Cf of 0.5
for a rounded head and 1.2 for a
flat head.
For platform, use the projected
area of the support steel and force
70
coefficient Cf of 2.0. For handrails
use the values in Table 5.1.
For support, use the actual
projected area. Cf should be 1.3 for
concrete pedestals. Steel support
Wind Loads for Petrochemical Facilities

shall be same as platforms.

 Air
(ASCE 7) (Cont.)

Coolers
or Fin-
Fans
Use
Table
5.3 for
Force
71
Coeffici
ent Cf.
Effectiv
e area
Ae shall
Wind Loads for Petrochemical Facilities

be b x
c or b x
a.
Q&A

72