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4
Behavior of slabs loaded to failure in
flexure
With further load, the regions of yielding known as
yield lines, divide the slab into a series of trapezoidal
and triangular elastic plates as shown in Figure (d)
above. The loads corresponding to this stage of
loading can be estimated by using yield-line analysis
(plastic method analysis)
iv. Although the yield lines divide the slab to form
a mechanism, the hinges jam with increased
deformation, and the slab forms a very flat
compression arch as shown in Figure (next
slide)(avail stiff support). This stage of loading
usually is not considered in design
5
Behavior of slabs loaded to failure in
flexure
6
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
Yield line method is a plastic method of
analysis of slabs
A yield line analysis uses rigid plastic
theory to compute the failure loads
corresponding to given plastic moment
resistance in various parts of the slab
A yield line method is an upper bound
method whereas the strip method is
lower bound method.
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
Upper bound theorem: If, for a small
increment of displacement, the
internal work done by the slab,
assuming that the moment at every
plastic hinge is equal to the yield
moment and that boundary
conditions are satisfied, is equal to
the external work done by the given
load for that same small increment of
displacement, then that load is an
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
Lower bound theorem: If, for a given
external load, it is possible to find a
distribution of moments that satisfies
equilibrium requirements, with the
moment not exceeding the yield
moment at any location, and if the
boundary conditions are satisfied,
then the given load is a lower bound
of the true carrying capacity.
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
If the lower bound conditions are
satisfied, the slab can certainly carry
the given load, although a higher
load may be carried if internal
distributions of moment occur. If the
upper bound conditions are satisfied,
a load greater than the given load
will certainly cause failure, although
a lower load may produce collapse if
the selected failure mechanism is
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
The yield line phenomenon involves:
a slab under increasing loads where cracking and
reinforcement yielding occur in the most highly
stressed zone (i.e. around maximum moment)
the highly stressed zone normally acts as a
plastic hinge where the subsequent loads are
distributed to other region of the slab
cracks develop forming patterns of yield lines
until a mechanism is formed,
collapse is then indicated by increasing deflection
under constant load
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
Deformation of slab with yield lines
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
Guidelines for establishing axes of rotation and
YL
1. YL are straight lines because they represent
intersection of two planes
2. YL represent axes of rotation
3. The supported edges of the slab are axes of rotation.
If the edge is fixed negative YL may form, providing
constant resistance to rotation. If the edge is simply
supported, the axis of rotation provides zero restraint
4. An axis of rotation will pass over any column support.
Its orientation depends on other considerations
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
Guidelines for establishing axes of
rotation and YL
5. YL form under concentrated loads,
radiating outward from the point of
application.
6. A YL between two slab segments must
pass through the point of intersection of
the axes of rotation of the adjacent slab
segments.
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
Method of yield line analysis
There are two methods of yield line analysis of
slabs:
the equilibrium method
the virtual work method
In either method, a YL pattern is assumed so that a
collapse mechanism is produced. Then for that
failure mechanism, the geometric parameters that
define the exact location and orientation of the
yield lines are determined and also the relation
between applied loads and resisting moments is
solved.
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
It is necessary to investigate all
possible mechanisms for any slab to
confirm that the correct solution,
giving the lowest failure load, has
been found. For example the
following rectangular slab (SNS) may
fail by either of the two mechanisms
shown.
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
A C B
(a )
w u
(b )
X L -X
w u w u
m 2
(c) m 1
m 3
m 2
X L -X
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
For a known yield moments m1, m2, m3, a trial
location of the positive yield line is assumed.
Normally for a given loading and correct
collapse pattern the solution is unique.
However if a different pattern is assumed,
this solution can describe nothing which
pattern is the governing one. Hence, it
becomes essential to use the energy
approach in completed problem for further
verification.
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
For the problem posed, consider the
FBD in Figure (c);
wu x 2
M A 0
From left segment: m1 m2 0
2
wu ( L x) 2
From right M B 0 m2 m3
segment: 0
2
Solving for wu from the two expressions
and equating, one may obtain a practical
solution for x as:
m m2 m3 m1
x 1 L 1 1
m3 m1 m1 m2
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
For instance, when L = 3m, m1 = m2 =
7kNm/m and m3 = 10KN.m/m
x = 1.427m and wu = 13.75 KN/m2
1 2
X L -X
w u w u
m 2
m 1
m 3
m 2
X L -X
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
The slab is reinforced at left and right
supports, and in span in such a way
that the capacities of the respective
sections are m1, m3 and m2.
Let be the plastic deflection at x-
distance from left hand support to
positive yield line
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
External work
wx w( L x) 1
WE wu L per m strip
2 2 2
Internal work
WI mLy (m1 m2 )1 (m2 m3 ) 2 per m strip
(2)
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
An isotropically reinforced slab is one in
which the ultimate moment per unit
length of the slab is the same in two
orthogonal directions
If a slab is isothropically reinforced with m x =
my = m, equations (1) and (2) become:
m m and m 0
U p li f t w h e n th e c o r n e r s a r e n o t C o r n e r s h e ld d o w n b u t n o t w e ll
h e ld o r f a s te n e d r e i n f o r c e d f o r n e g a ti v e m o m e n t
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
m=
m/2
m=
m
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
The triangular segment fails to form
when the negative reinforcement is
large and hence, the simple diagonal
yield line in to the corner is correct
with out modification.
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
Slabs with more than one variable
So far the slabs consider have only one
variable dimension which defines the yield
line mechanism. When the slab has more
than one variable, the work equation,
together with equations obtained by
differentiating with respect to each
unknown, give the necessary expressions
to obtain solution. This can be illustrated
using the following example.
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
L
(1 - 1)L
1L
2L (1 -2 2)L 2L
Chapter 1 Yield Line
Analysis for slabs
In this case first develop suitable
expression from the work relation for
wu in terms of 1 & 2. Then
wu wu
and
0 0
1 2