ME 362

Mechanical Engineering
Design
Part 3.1

Muhammad Ilyas
Todays topics

A quick review of concurrent engineering

CAE
Codes and Standards
Design Review
Re-Design
Technology innovation
Product life cycle
 Concurrent Engineering
As we have discussed that a product goes
through several processes during its life time
These processes include
Research
Marketing
Planning
Design
Manufacturing
QC
Sales
Maintenance


Concurrent Engineering

The conventional way of doing product design

has been to carryout all of the steps serially
Thus product concept, product design, and
product testing has been done prior to process
planning, manufacturing system design, and
production
Commonly, these serial functions have been
carried out in distinct and separate
organization with little interaction between
them
Such practice is called as sequential design
process
 Concurrent Engineering

Concurrent engineering is
a team-based approach in
which all aspects of the
product development
process are represented on
a closely communicating
team
Team members perform
their jobs in an
overlapping and
concurrent manner so as to
minimize the time for
product development
 Concurrent Engineering
Concurrent engineering
uses the following three
main elements for the
development of a
product:
Cross-functional teams
Parallel design
Vendor partnering
 Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) in Design
One of the major contributor to concurrent engineering is CAE
CAE is the use of computers / software in engineering
As a matter of fact, engineers were the first professional group to
use computer
(FORTRAN since 1950 Numeric computations, FEA, CFD etc.)

Sketching
Modeling
Stress calculations
Thermal analysis
Optimization
Mechanical testing software
Image analysis
Metallographic studies
Statistical calculations
 Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) in Design

CAE Examples?
2D Drafting (AutoCad)
3D Modeling (Solidworks)
CAD/CAM (ProE-Siemens/Fanuc)
Use of dedicated software (e.g, for meshing PATRAN)
FEA: simulations of engineering problems (ANSYS)
Mathematical tools (Maple/ MATLAB)
Spreadsheets (MS Excel)
Curvefitting (DataFit, CurveExpert)
Mechanical design of process equipment (PV Elite, Autopipe)
Fracture mechanics (NASGRO)

 Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) in Design

CAE Application Example: BOEING 777

1st paperless complete design using CAD
Started in 1990 and completed in April 1994
CATIA 3D CAD
Linked with all design and manufacturing
activities (~7000 workstations)
So design, manufacturing, procurements etc
everyone was seeing each other through
CAE!
Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) in Design
 Design to Codes and Standards
Much of the design is not very different from what has
been done in the past
In many cases, the design practices have been captured
and documented for the benefits (cost and time)
Such practices are documented in the form of codes
and standards
 Design to Codes and Standards

Designing with codes and standards has two chief aspects:

i. Makes the best practice available to everyone, ensuring
efficiency and safety
ii. Promotes interchangeability and compatibility
Examples:
if everyone follows his own special material
composition, it would be difficult for material
manufacturer
Interchangeability
220 volts / 110 volts
2 pin / 3pin plugs
Standardization

An activity giving solutions for repetitive

application to problems related to science,
technology and economics
The goal is to achieve the optimum degree of
order (i.e., same product) for that application
The setting up of process parameters so that
it constantly produces a product of uniform
characteristics
Aims of Standardization

Provision of means of communication amongst all

interested parties (example A240 304L)
Promotion of economy in human effort, materials
and energy in the production and exchange of goods.
Protection of consumer interests through adequate
and consistent quality of goods and services.
Promotion of quality of life, safety, health and the
protection of the environment
Promotion of trade by removal of barriers caused by
differences in national practice
Standard

A technical document available to the public is called

a standard if it is:
Drawn up with the cooperation and consensus or
general approval of all interested
Based on the consolidated (combined) results of
science, technology and experience
Aimed at the promotion of optimum community
benefits
Approved by a body recognized on the regional,
national or international level
Codes

Codes are type of standards that use the verbs

shall or will to indicate the mandatory use of
certain materials or actions or both. The use of
codes is mandated with the force of law by
governmental jurisdiction.
e.g., our national boiler inspection/ operation
regulation (PAKISTAN BOILER RULES 2009)
Specification

Specifications are also a type of standards but

they differ from code in that their use is not
mandatory except when they are referred by a code
or contractual documents (client specification).
 Design to Codes and Standards
CODE STANDARD
Collection of laws and rules that A general agreed upon set of
assists a Government agency in procedures, criteria, dimensions,
meeting its obligation to protect materials and parts
the general welfare by preventing
damage to property or injury or
loss of life to persons
Tell engineer how to do it
Tell the engineer what to do and
when under what circumstances Usually regarded as
to do it recommendations, that do not
have force of law
Usually are legal requirements,
e.g. building code, fire code etc. Often a national standard is
incorporated in a code as a
Often incorporate national
reference and by this way
standards into them by
standards become legally
reference
enforceable
 Design to Codes and Standards
Types of design standards:
Performance standard
Test methods
Codes of practice
PERFORMANCE TEST METHOD CODE OF
STANDARDS STANDARDS PRACTICE

Published for For measurement of Provides detailed

many products properties design methods for
a repetitive
technical problem

Examples: Examples: Examples:

For seat belts, Yield strength, Mechanical Design
auto crash safety thermal of process
etc. conductivity, equipment (ASME,
sensitivity etc. BS-PD)
Design to Codes and Standards
STANDARDS PREPARATION

Often prepared by individual companies for their

own proprietary use e.g. dimensions, tolerances, forms,
processes etc. (dimensions of SANDVIK tool holders)
By group of companies of the same industrial sector
(Sponsored by Industry Trade Association) AISC,
ANSI, ISO etc.)
Government Specification Standards, as Govt. is
the purchaser of large number of goods and services
Defense Product Standards e.g., MIL standards and
handbooks of the Department of Defense
 Advantages of Standards

Standards play an important role for

Protecting public
Providing firm basis for negotiation and better
understanding between buyer and seller
Reducing cost of design of products stock
(standardized components and tools etc)
Easy availability of products
Avoiding repetition of design
Role of CAE, Group Technology and CAD/CAM in
Design Standardization

In addition to Codes and Standards, other techniques also play

a role in standardization
CAE use of computers/ software facilitates the design
standardization (e.g., PV Elite uses ASME B&PV Code)
Group Technology
Provides formal way of recognizing and exploiting similarities
in design (shape, manufacturing process)
Coding and classification systems used to identify similarities
Computerized GT database provides quick methodology (so
duplication avoided)
Provides standardization for creating parts and part features
Due to feed back of manufacturing costs, high cost design
features are avoided
Role of CAE, Group Technology and CAD/CAM in
Design Standardization

CADCAM
Interfacing and communication between various computer devices
and manufacturing machines (Example: m/c codes)
National Institute of Standards. Technology (NIST) has worked for
the development of
Initial graphics Exchange Specifications (IGES) and Product
Data Exchange Specification (PDES)
IGES and PDES represent a Neutral Data Format for
transferring geometric data between equipment from different
CAD systems