Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Malaysia-Japan International
Institute of Technology
Fluid Mechanics
The branch that deals with bodies at rest
is STATIC.
The branch that deals with bodies in
motion is DYNAMICS. ma
Bodies in motion of incompressible fluids (at
low speed) is known as HYDRODYNAMICS.
Fluid undergoes significant density changes is
known as GAS DYNAMICS.
Flow of gases (especially air) over bodies at
high and low speeds is known as
AERODYNAMICS.
States of Matter
Three common states of matter are solid,
liquid, and gas
Gasses: Widely
spaced,
weak cohesive
forces,
free to expand
Gas
4
Common Fluids
Liquids:
water, oil, mercury, gasoline, alcohol
Gasses:
air, helium, hydrogen, steam
Borderline:
jelly, asphalt, lead, toothpaste, paint
5
Fluid as a Continuum
Fluids are aggregates of molecules
Widely spaced: gasses
Closely spaced: liquids
Intermolecular distance is large
compared to molecular diameter
Molecules move freely
Air at STP:
dV*=10-9 mm3 and
contains 3x107 molecules
Continuum hypothesis
6
Continuum Hypothesis
Continuum, anything that goes
through a gradual transition from one
condition, to a different condition,
without any abrupt changes
Moluecular
Variations
Spatial
Variations
*
=
1200
V* V
7
What is Fluid?
Formal definition of a fluid - A fluid is a
substance which deforms continuously
under the application of a shear stress.
Solid Fluid
8
Definition of stress
Definition of stress - A stress is defined as a force per
unit area, acting on an infinitesimal surface element.
Stresses have both magnitude (force per unit area)
and direction, and the direction is relative to the
surface on which the stress acts.
10
Various Stress vs Shear Stress
11
Fluids Behavior
12
Concept of Fluid
Fluids are gases and liquids.
A solid can resist a shear stress, a fluid cannot.
A liquid is almost incompressible.
A given mass of liquid occupies a fixed volume,
irrespective of the size or shape of its container.
A free surface is formed if the volume of the
container is greater than that of the liquid.
13
Concept of Fluid (cont.)
A gas is comparatively easy to compress.
Changes of gas pressure and volume are
often accompanied by a change in
temperature.
A given mass of gas has no fixed volume and
will expand continuously unless restrained by
a containing vessel.
A gas will completely fill any vessel in which it
is placed and, therefore, does not form a free
surface.
14
What is Fluid again?
15
Dimensions & Units
Dimensions and Units
Systems of Units
M, L, t, T
SI (kg, m, s, K)
F, L, t, T
British Gravitational (lbf, ft, s, oR)
F, M, L, t, T
English Engineering (lbf, lbm, ft, s, oR)
17
Units
18
Conversion
British English
Primary
SI Unit Gravitational Engineering
Dimension
(BG) Unit (EE) Unit
Pound-mass
Mass [M] Kilogram (kg) Slug (lbm)
19
Units of Force: Newtons Law F=m.g
SI system: Base dimensions are Length, Time, Mass,
Temperature
A Newton is the force which when applied to a mass of 1 kg produces an acceleration of 1
m/s2.
Newton is a derived unit: 1N = (1Kg).(1m/s2)
20
Units of Force: EE System
To make Newtons law dimensionally consistent we
must include a dimensional proportionality constant:
g
F m
gc
where
(lb m )( ft )
g c 32.1740 2
(lb f )( s)
21
Example
An astronaut weighs 730N in Houston, TX,
23
Ideal Gas Law
Equation of state
pV nRnT
p RT , R Rn / M
=m/V
( P, T )
SG
H 2O @ 4 C
Density - Mass
Mass per unit volume (e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)
Water water = 1000 kg/m3
Mercury Hg = 13,500 kg/m3
Air air = 1.22 kg/m3
27
Specific Weight
g [ N / m 3 ] or [lbf / ft 3 ]
28
Specific Gravity
Ratio of fluid density to density at STP
(e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)
liquid liquid
SGliquid
water 9790 kg / m 3
gas gas
SGgas
air 1.205 kg / m 3
Water SGwater = 1
Mercury SGHg = 13.6
Air SGair = 1
29
APPROXIMATE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMMON
LIQUIDS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
30
Temperature
Temperature scales:
Celsius, Fahrenheit, Rankine, Kelvin,
thermodynamic, ideal gas
31
Pressure
is pressure a stress?
unit: Pa, bar, atm or psi?
use: absolute, gauge or vacuum
pressure?
manometer or barometer?
32
Bourdon Pressure Gauges
33
Barometer
Vacuum
Standard Atmospheric
Pressure
patmos
760 mmHg = 10.33 mH2O
Mercury Hg
34
Density & Specific Volume
liquids: constant
gases: Ideal-gas equation of state
at low densities:
pv RT
i.e. high temperatures
and low pressures
p
RT
35
Heat
36
Work
37
Viscosity
Fluids move under influence of
applied shear
38
Dynamic viscosity
The shear stress on the plate is:
F
A
More generally: Newton's law of
viscosity
dU
dy
Dynamic viscosity (pronounced:
mew)
Shear Stress in Moving Fluids
y U
40
Kinematic viscosity
The ratio appears in many equations.
Kinematic viscosity (pronounced: new)
Gases: Viscosity increases with
increasing temperature, why?
Liquids: Viscosity decreases with
increasing temperature, why?
41
Surface Tension
F 2L
42
Surface Tension (cont.)
43
Wetting/ Contact Angle
a) Liquid which wets a solid surface well, e.g. water
on a very clean copper.
b) Partial wetting.
c) Liquid which does not wet a solid surface, e.g.
water on teflon or mercury on clean glass.
44
Capillarity
Caused by surface tension and depends on
the relative magnitude of cohesion of the
liquid and the adhesion of the liquid to the
walls of the containing vessel.
4 cos
h
dg
45
Examples of Surface Tension
= 0.073 N/m (air/water at 15 C)
Capillarity
pw
pa
47
3D steady
flow
48
Terima Kasih
- Arigatou Gozaimasu-
49