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Aktins
08 June 2004
BUILT-UP AREAS
300 Centres of large towns Centres of small towns: Suburbs, villages: Airports; runway area:
250 and cities:
z0 (m) = 0.7 0.5 100 0.3 0.03
Height [m]
Height [m]
WOODED 200
LAND Forests, large wooded Wooded countryside:
150 areas:
z0 (m) = 1 0.5 10
100
FARMLAND Many trees, hedges, Many hedges, some Hedges, few trees Hedges, few trees Open country with
50 few buildings: trees: (summer): (winter): isolated trees, some hedges:
z0 (m) = 0.2 to 0.3 0.08 1 0.05 0.01 0.03
0
DESERT 20 25 30Flat desert:
35 40 45 50 55 1 10 100
z0 (m) = Windspeed [m/s] 0.005 Windspeed [m/s]
Conditions
Vref=22.7m/s mean hourly at 10m over open country
Infinite open country or desert terrain
Equilibrium atmospheric boundary layer
Open Country Desert Open Country Desert
350 350
300 300
Mean 3-sec
250 Hourly Gust 250
Height [m]
Height [m]
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Windspeed [m/s] Turbulence Intensity [%]
Windspeeds
Basic (Vb) : all-directional mean hourly over lowest
characteristic terrain; 50-year
return period
Site (Vs) : directional mean hourly including effects of
altitude and seasonality (NB: Sd in
BS6399 for UK only)
Effective (Ve) : directional 1-second gust including terrain
and simplified upwind shielding (Sb)
0.6
300 60
0.4
0.2
270 0 90
240 120
210 150
180
Wind Loading
Suitable for assessment of mild dynamics only
Simplified building interaction and cross-sectional shape
Underestimates pressure drop over curved faades and in
regions of complex wind flow (top of buildings, fins etc)
Unlikely to predict high(er) loading at base of towers
common to Dubai buildings in an isolated/exposed location
Serviceability
No assessment of building motions available
North
Desert Sea
Wind direction [deg]: 225 deg Wind direction [deg]: 315 deg
Basic wind speed Vb [m/s]: 26.6 Basic wind speed Vb [m/s]: 26.6 180 deg
Altitude factor Sa: 1 Altitude factor Sa: 1
Direction factor Sd: 0.84 Direction factor Sd: 0.89 90 deg
Seasonal factor Ss: 1 Seasonal factor Ss: 1
Probability factor Sp: 1 Probability factor Sp: 1
Site wind speed Vs [m/s]: 22.3 Site wind speed Vs [m/s]: 23.7
2 Tapping Scheme
-1.3 -0.8 -0.2 -0.42 Ext
Ext1-Sec
1-SecPmax
Pmax 1.1 0.7
Ext
Ext1-Sec
1-SecPmin
Pmin -1.8 -1.2
Level 44
0.7 0.7 1.31.0 1.1 0.8 0.71.3 1.3 -1.3 -1.0 -2.2-0.8-1.9 -1.4 -1.2
-1.4 -2.1
1.1 -1.3
Faades and zones: A 4401 B 4425 4424 4423 D
4421 C 0.7
0.8 0.7
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.31.1 1.1
1.1
1.2
0.8
1.2 1.2
0.81.4
1.3 1.3
-0.9
-1.2 -1.3
-0.8
-0.8
-0.7 -2.2-0.8-1.9 -0.9
-0.8
-1.9
-1.3 -1.4
-0.8 -1.3 -0.9 -2.3 -0.9
1 1.0 4201
1.2 4225 4223 4221
- -
Level 42
0.7 0.7 1.0 1.1
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
0.8 0.8
1.3 1.3 -1.5 -1.2 -1.0 -0.7
-1.8
-0.9
-1.8
-1.2
-1.2 -1.3
-1.7 -1.8
4224
1.1 1-Sec
1-SecPmax
Pmax[kPa]
[kPa] -1.2 1-Sec
1-SecPmin
Pmin[kPa]
[kPa]
2 -1.9 -1.2 -0.3 -0.6 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.6
1.6 -1.3 -0.9 -0.9 -1.4 -1.1 -1.3 -1.6 -1.7 0.0
0.0
3 -0.5 -0.4 - - 1.4
1.4 -0.2
-0.2
4 -1.9 -1.2 -0.3 -0.6
Level 37
1.2
1.2 -0.6
-0.6
3701 3725
3724
3723 3721
1.2 1.0 0.8 1.0
1.0 -1.9 -1.6 -1.8 -1.0
-1.0
0.7 0.9 1.1
1.1
1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3
0.8
0.8 -1.0 -0.9 -0.8
-1.4
-1.2 -1.4 -1.7 -1.8
-1.4
-1.4
Level 35
3502
3501
3529
3528
3527
3525
3524
1.2 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.6
0.6 -1.9 -1.7 -1.4 -1.8 -1.8
-1.8
1.1
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.8
1.2 1.3 0.4
0.4 -0.9 -1.0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.9
-1.5
-1.8
-1.1 -1.7 -2.2
-2.2
0.2
0.2 -2.6
-2.6
0.0
0.0 -3.0
-3.0
-3.4
-3.4
3002 3029 3027 3024 Level 30
3001 3028 3025
1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8 -1.9 -1.9 -1.7 -2.1
1.1 1.1 1.2 -1.0 -1.6 -1.3
2
0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.3 1.2 -1.0 -1.0 -1.2 -1.1 -0.9 -1.7 -1.8 -2.0-1.7
1 2201
2228
2227 2224 2223
2226
3
Level 22
0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0
1.1 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.3 1.2 -0.9 -0.8 -0.9 -1.9 -1.7
-0.9 -1.5 -1.1-1.7 -2.5 -2.0
1.0 -1.3
0.8 -2.0
2101 2135 2134 2133 2132 2131 2129 Level 21
0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.31.0 1.1 1.1
1.0 1.0 0.8 0.81.30.81.3 -1.0 -1.0 -1.3 -0.7 -1.5
-1.0-1.8 -1.3
-0.9 -1.2 -1.3 -1.5-1.5
-1.3
-1.1
4
1501 1535 1534 1533 1532 1531 1529 Level 15 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -1.1 -0.8 -0.7 -1.1 -1.2 -1.1 -1.5
1.2 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.8 -1.7 -1.3 -1.1 -1.2 -1.4
1101 1135 1134 1133 1132 1131 1129 Level 11 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.11.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 -1.5 -0.9 -1.4 -0.9 -0.8 -0.8
-1.3 -1.1 -1.2 -1.4
1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.8 -1.8 -1.6 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3
0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 -1.6 -0.9 -1.4 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -1.1 -1.2 -1.1 -1.6
601 635 634 633 632 631 629 Level 6
1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.7 -1.9 -1.7 -1.4 -1.3 -1.2 -1.2 -1.4
0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 -1.5 -2.0 -1.3 -1.7 -1.1 -1.4 -1.1 -1.5 -1.4
421 425 424 423 422 Level 4
1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 -1.7 -1.4 -1.4 -1.3 -1.4
0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.9 1.0 1.0 -1.9 -2.0 -1.2 -1.6 -1.2 -1.2 -1.4
126 125 124 123 122 Level 1
0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 -1.8 -1.4 -1.0 -1.0 -1.5
43476
43476Al
AlSalam
SalamTecom
TecomTower
Tower- -Northwest
SouthwestElevation
Elevation Status
Status: :Preliminary
Preliminary Drawing
DrawingReference:
Reference: Prep
Prep: :Stefano
StefanoCammelli
Cammelli
1-Second
1-SecondGust
GustExt
ExtCladding
CladdingPressures
Pressures[kPa]
[kPa] For
ForInformation
InformationOnly
Only 43476/Press/4
43476/Press/1 Date
Date: :18
18May
May2004
2004
1
2201 2227 2224 2223 Level 22
2209 2208 2207 2206
2228
2205
2226
2203 2202 2200 Level 22 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.01.1 0.8 1.20.8 1.3 1.2 -0.9 -0.8 -0.9 -1.9 -1.7-0.9 -1.5 -1.1
-1.7 -2.5 -2.0
1.0 -1.3
0.8 -2.0
1112 1110 1109 1107 1106 1105 1104 1103 1102 1100 Level
Level 1111 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.11.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 -1.5 -0.9 -1.4 -0.9 -0.8 -0.8
-1.3 -1.1 -1.2 -1.4
1101 1135 1134 1133 1132 1131 1129
1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.8 -1.8 -1.6 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3
612 610 609 607 606 605 604 603 602 600 Level 6 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 -1.6 -0.9 -1.4 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 -1.1 -1.2 -1.1 -1.6
601 635 634 633 632 631 629 Level 6
1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.7 -1.9 -1.7 -1.4 -1.3 -1.2 -1.2 -1.4
407 406 405 404 403 402 401 400 Level 4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 -1.5 -2.0 -1.3 -1.7 -1.1 -1.4 -1.1 -1.5 -1.4
421 425 424 423 422 Level 4
1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 -1.7 -1.4 -1.4 -1.3 -1.4
105 104 103 102 101 100 Level 1 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.9 1.0 1.0 -1.9 -2.0 -1.2 -1.6 -1.2 -1.2 -1.4
126 125 124 123 122 Level 1
0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 -1.8 -1.4 -1.0 -1.0 -1.5
43476
43476Al
AlSalam
SalamTecom
TecomTower
Tower--Northwest
SouthwestElevation
Elevation Status
Status::Preliminary
Preliminary Drawing
DrawingReference:
Reference: Prep
Prep::Stefano
StefanoCammelli
Cammelli
1-Second
1-SecondGust
GustExt
ExtCladding
CladdingPressures
Pressures[kPa]
[kPa] For
ForInformation
InformationOnly
Only 43476/Press/4
43476/Press/1 Date
Date::18
18May
May2004
2004
North
Cladding Structural
Wind direction [deg]: 225 deg Wind direction [deg]: 225 deg
Basic wind speed Vb [m/s]: 26.6 Basic wind speed Vb [m/s]: 26.6 180 deg
Altitude factor Sa: 1 Altitude factor Sa: 1
Direction factor Sd: 0.84 Direction factor Sd: 0.84 90 deg
Seasonal factor Ss: 1 Seasonal factor Ss: 1
Probability factor Sp: 1 Probability factor Sp: 1
Site wind speed Vs [m/s]: 22.3 Site wind speed Vs [m/s]: 22.3
Structural Loading
Desert (225 deg) Sea (315 deg)
Overall peak static load F [MN]: 5.98 Overall peak static load F [MN]: 14.87
Overall peak load F [MN]: 6.70 Overall peak load F [MN]: 16.65
16
16 Peak Stat ic
270 deg P eak
Peak St at ic - 1%
Dynamic
12
Peak Dynamic
P eak Dynamic - 2%
- 1%
0 deg 12
P eak Dynamic - 2%
8
North 8
4 4
180 deg Fx
Fy [MN]
Fx [MN]
0 0
90 deg 0 0 50 5 0 100
100 150
150 200
200 250
250 300
300 35350
0
-4 -4
-8
-8
Fy -12
-1 2
-16
-1 6 Wi nd Angl e [deg ]
Wi nd An gle [deg]
Testing Methods
Force Balance vs Simultaneous Pressure
10
Mean Fx from Pressure
8
Mean Fy from Pressure
6 Mean Fx from Force Balance
Mean base shear force [MN]
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
Wind dire ction [de g]
Design Windspeed
BS6399 does not account for desert terrain
Exposure dependent Vb (22.7m/s built up 26.6m/s desert)
Windspeeds compliant with DM 38m/s 3-second gust
Direction factors from BMT wind analysis not BS6399
BS6399 Application
Effective windspeed (Ve) depends on size effect factor
Cladding: dimension a=5m (1-second gust)
Careful comparison based on limitations:
mild dynamics only
reduced reliability for complex flow regions
simplified representation of shielding
appropriate wind directions
no building motions