EE313 Linear Systems and Signals Fall 2005

Z-transforms
Prof. Brian L. Evans
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin

Initial conversion of content to PowerPoint

by Dr. Wade C. Schwartzkopf
 Z-transforms
For discrete-time systems, z-transforms play
the same role of Laplace transforms do in
continuous-time systems
Bilateral Forward z-transform Bilateral Inverse z-transform

1
H [ z] h n z n h[n] H [ z ] z n 1
dz
n 2 j R

As with the Laplace transform, we compute

forward and inverse z-transforms by use of
transforms pairs and properties

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 Region of Convergence
Region of the complex z- Four possibilities (z=0 is
plane for which forward a special case and may
z-transform converges or may not be included)
Im{z} Im{z}

Entire Disk
plane Re{z} Re{z}

Im{z} Im{z}

Intersection
Complement of a disk and
of a disk Re{z} complement Re{z}

of a disk
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 Z-transform Pairs
h[n] = [n] h[n] = an u[n]
0
H [ z ] n z n z n 1

a u n z
n
n
H [ z] n
n n 0
n
Region of convergence: n
a
entire z-plane a z n n

n 0 n 0 z

1 a
h[n] = [n-1]
a
if 1
1 1 z
H [ z ] n 1 z n 1 z n z 1
n
z
n n 1

Region of convergence: Region of convergence: |

entire z-plane z| > |a| which is the
h[n-1] z-1 H[z] complement of a disk

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 Stability
Rule #1: For a causal sequence, poles are inside
the unit circle (applies to z-transform functions
that are ratios of two polynomials)
Rule #2: More generally, unit circle is included
in region of convergence. (In continuous-time,
the imaginary axis would be in the region of
convergence of the Laplace transform.)
Z 1
a u n
n
1
for z a
1 a z
This is stable if |a| < 1 by rule #1.
It is stable if |z| > |a| and |a| < 1 by rule #2.
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 Inverse z-transform
c j
1
f n F z z n 1
dz
2j c j

Yuk! Using the definition requires a contour

integration in the complex z-plane.
Fortunately, we tend to be interested in only a
few basic signals (pulse, step, etc.)
Virtually all of the signals well see can be built up
from these basic signals.
For these common signals, the z-transform pairs have
been tabulated (see Lathi, Table 5.1)
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 Example
z 2 2z 1
X [ z]
3 1
Ratio of polynomial z-
z2 z
2 2 domain functions
X [ z]
1 2 z 1 z 2 Divide through by the
3 1
1 z 1 z 2
2 2
highest power of z
X [ z]
1 2 z 1 z 2 Factor denominator
z 1 z 1
1 1 into first-order factors
1
2
Use partial fraction
A1 A2
X [ z ] B0 decomposition to get
1 1 1 z 1
1 z
2 first-order terms
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 Example (cont)
2
1 2 3 1
2
z z 1 z 2 2 z 1 1
2
Find B0 by polynomial
z 2 3 z 1 2 division
5 z 1 1
1 5 z 1
X [ z] 2 Express in terms of B0


1

1 z 1 1 z 1
2

A1
1 2 z 1 z 2

1 4 4
9 Solve for A1 and A2
1 z 1 z 1 2
1 2

1 2 z 1 z 2 1 2 1
A2 8
1 1
1 z 1
2 z 1 1 2
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 Example (cont)
Express X[z] in terms of B0, A1, and A2
9 8
X [ z] 2
1 1 1 z 1
1 z
2
Use table to obtain inverse z-transform
n
1
x n 2 n 9 u n 8 u n
2
With the unilateral z-transform, or the bilateral
z-transform with region of convergence, the
inverse z-transform is unique

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 Z-transform Properties
Linearity [Lathi, Section 5.1]
a1 f1 n a2 f 2 n a1 F1 z a2 F2 z

Right shift (delay) [Lathi, Section 5.2]

f n m u n m z m F z
m

f n m u n z F z z
m m
f n z n
n 1

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 Z-transform Properties

f1 n f 2 n f m f n m
1 2
Convolution definition
m

Z f1 n f 2 n Z f1 m f 2 n m Take z-transform
m


n
f1 m f 2 n m z Z-transform definition
n m

f m f n m z
m
1
n
2
n
Interchange summation

f m f r z
m
1
r
2
r m
Substitute r = n - m



f1 mz m
f 2 r z r Z-transform definition
m r
F1 z F2 z
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 Example
g n n u n u n 6
n u n n u n 6
n u n n 6 u n 6 6 u n 6
z 1 z 1 z
G z 6 6
z 1 z z 1 z z 1
2 6 2

z 1 6

z 1 2 z 5 z 1 2 z 5 z 1
z5
5
z

1

z 1 6
z z 1 2 z 5 z 1 2 z 1 z 5 z 1
z6 6z 5
5
z z 1
2

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