Reproduksi Manusia

REPRODUKSI MANUSIA
KULIAH SMT II B
FK UWKS
2011
1 Reproduksi/PS Poli/FKUWKS/2011
Reproduksi
Reproduksi
Reproduksi Asexual,
Proses biologik, satu orang tua
organisme menghasilkan
menghasilkan keturunan yang
organisme baru, sama genetik
bila kematian dengan orang tua.
organisme lebih Mitosis adalah cara
dari reproduksi, reproduksi.
jumlah organisme Nampak pada
berkurang atau binatang tingkat
lenyap. rendah.
Reproduksi sexual.
Terjadi variasi
genetik lebih besar.
Orang tua
menghasilkan sel
kelamin haploid
oleh meiosis sebgai
ovum atau sperma.
Gamet bersatu
disebut fertilisasi,
menghasilkan
zigote.
Reproduksi
asexual :
1. budding
2. fragmentation
Parthenogenesis
Individu baru dari
ovum yang tidak
dibuahi sperma.
Jenis Fertilisasi
Fertilisasi
eksternal
Misalnya ikan.
Fertilisasi Internal
Ovum dan
sperma bertemu
dalam saluran
reproduksi betina.
Strategi Reproduksi
1. Usia pada reproduksi pertama
2. Jumlah anak pada setiap

upaya reproduksi.
3. Jumlah reproduksi selama

masa hidup.
4. Jumlah perawatan induk.
Reproduksi Aseksual dan
Seksual
Reproduksi Reproduksi
Aseksual Seksual
pada binatang reproduction
terjadi secara
memerlukan
kuncup (
budding) atau
penyatuan (
pembelahan fusion) dua
(fission). gamet.
Sistem Reproduksi Pria
1. testes
2. vas deferens
a. seminal
vesicles
b. prostate
gland
c. bulbourethral
glands
3. penis
Sistem reproduksi
Perempuan
1. ovaries
2. oviducts
(Fallopian
tubes)
3. uterus
4. vagina
5. clitoris
Reproduksi dan perkembangan
pada binatang
Gametogenesis
Gastrulation,
, . Terbentuk jaringan
Fertilization, Endoderm,
zygote. ectoderm,
Cleavage, mesoderm .
blastocyst atau Organogenesis,
blastula). differentiation ,
Banyak genes morphogenesis .
diinaktifkan. Spesialisasi.
Pada Manusia
Pembentukan Sepasang organ
reproduksi organs
gamet, testes pada laki-laki,
fertilisasi , dan ovarium pada
pembelahan , perempuan.
Testes and ovarium
gastrulasi,
menghasilkan
organogenesis, hormon yang
pertumbuhan mengatur fungsi
dan reproduksi dan tanda
seks sekunder.
spesialisasi.
Whenever there is a new life born, another life ends somewhere
EREKSI & EJAKULASI
Respons seksual:
1. EXITMENT
2. PLATEAU
3. ORGASMUS
4. RESOLUSI
STIMULUS EROTIS TEK DARAH

ALIRAN DARAH

EEREKSI
EREKSI: A.DORSALIS PENIS
A.PENIS PROFUNDA
mengalami delatasi
EREKSI:
PSIKOGEN : LIMBIC SYSTEM

THORACO-LUMBAL (S)

A.PENIS
STIMULI GENITAL (PS)
S2-S3

N.PUDENDUS
ORGASMUS:
REFLEX THORACO-LUMBAL (S)

KONTRAKSI :V.DEFERENS
PROSTAT
V.SEMINALIS

EJAKULASI
KONTROL HORMON PRIA
Dimulai dr GnRH di Efek Testosteron:
hipotalamus ke 1. Mulai proses
hipofise utk spermatogenesis
produksi FSH & LH 2. Umpan balik neg
FSH menuju ke sel pd GnRH
Sertoli utk stimulasi
3. Inhibisi sekresi LH
spermatogenesis
4. Ciri seks sekunder
LH ke sel Leydig utk
menghasilkan 5. Protein anabolik
Testosteron 6. Sex drive & sifat
agresif
ANDROLOGI
Mempelajari Komponen : genetik,
masalah-masalah fisiologik, psikologik
pd pria dan SEMEN : adalah
penyakit2 yg campuran antara
menyertainya spermatozoa &
cairan seminal
Kaitannya dgn:
Cairan Seminal:
Anatomi, fisiologi,
1.Tub seminiferous +
biokimia, imunologi,
epididymis (5%):
neurologi protein
2.Kel prostat (alkali): Volume : 2-6 ml
td atas citrat, Ca++, Komposisi:
Zn, as fosfat (20-
30%) Spermtz 20-100
3.Vesika Seminalis: jt/ml
(60%) td atas: Cairan seminal
Fruktosa, Ensim
prostaglandin, LH, Ciri: motilitas 60%
FSH, PRL, Kalikrenin, aktif
Relaxin, Testosteron,
Estrogen, Inhibin, morfologi 60%
endorphin, protease normal
plasminogen kekentalan 15-30
activator, sperm sesudah ejakulasi
coating protein hrs menggumpal
KUALITAS SEMEN NORMAL
Volume: 2-6 ml Jumlah spr: 20 jt/ml

Viskositas : 0-30 nm Morfologi: 60%
pH : 7,7 8,4 lengkap
Fruktosa: 6 30 Sel muda: 5
mol/L spermatid/ 100
As fosfat: 150-800 spermatozoa
mol/L Leukosit: < 1.0 x
Motilitas: < 40% 10.6 lekosit/ml
Vitalitas: < 70%
KLASIFIKASI FERTILITAS PRIA
1. High fertility: spermatozoa aktif

> 185 jt/ejakulasi
2. Relative fertility: spermatozoa
80-185 jt/ejakulasi
3. Subfertility: < 80 jt/ej
4. Sterility: tidak ada
spermatozoa
KEHAMILAN
Supaya hamil
harus ada sexual
intercouse, dst.
Intercouse
sebaiknya pd
hari ke-5 seblm
ovulasi atau pd
saat ovulasi.
Perlu ada transpor
ovum & sperma
Ovum butuh 4 hr
utk tiba di uterus
Kontrol Hormon Reproduksi
Hormon Hormon estrogen,
testosterone, progesterone, FSH
LH (luteinizing and LH kontrol
pematangan dan
hormone), and
pelepasan ovum,
FSH (follicle juga persiapan
stimulating endometrium
hormone) uterus untuk
kontrol produksi penanaman
sperma. zigote.
5.LH merangsang
pembentukan
corpus luteum
untuk menghasilkan
progesteron +
sedikit E2
6.Peningkatan E2 &
P4 umpan balik
negatif LH & FSH
7.LH , degenerasi
corpus luteum, E2
&P4 menurun tajam
SPERMIOGENESIS
Perkembangan zigote
Week 4 Week 8
Week 16 Week 20
Week 36 - 40 -
Infertilitas
Infertility is defined as a The present figures
failure of conception suggest that one in five
even after an active couple experience
infertility at some stage
married or sexual life for in their reproductive
a continuous 12 months. life. There is enough
evidence to indicate
that the incidence in
Infertility, a condition fertility is on the rise.
that affects about one in While the exact reason
a five couples at some for this rise is not clear,
stage in their the modern life style,
Reproductive life, carries late marriage,
substance abuse,
enormous social stigma environmental
and immense degradation etc.
psychological trauma appear to be affecting
with it. human fertility.
Faktor-faktor mempengaruhi
kesuburan
a) Usia :
b) Frekuensi
koitus
c) Faktor
lingkungan
(Rokok, obat,
alkohol, polusi
industri, kerja,
pakain, air
panas, dll).
Sebab infertil pada pria
1.Hypothalamus & 2. Testis
Unknown(most
Pituitary
common)
Unknown Varicocele
Hypogonadotrophic Orchitis
Hypogonadism Cryptorchism,
Anorchism
Delayed puberty
Systemic disease
Tumours, trauma, affecting
irradiation, spermatogenesis
Testicular tumours
surgery, drugs
Radiation,
Hyperprolactinaem
chemotherapy, Drugs,
ia toxins
3. Seminal 4. Coital
ducts/glands problems
Obstruction Epispadias /
Vasa aplasia hypospadias

Phimosis
Vasectomy
Retrograde
Cystic fibrosis
ejaculation
Autoimmunity Erectile
difficulty;
impotence
Penyebab pada pria dalam %
Unknown 30 Psychosexual
Varicocele dysfunction
15 06
Endocrine 10 Systemic
Infection disease 05
09 Sperm
Maldescended
antibodies 04
testicle 08 Others
13
Penyebab infertil pada
perempuan
1. Ovarian failure 2. Disorders of
Genetic gonadotrophin
regulation
Radiotherapy and Hyperprolactinaemia
chemotherapy Kallmann's
Autoimmune syndrome
Idiopathic Suprapituitary
premature tumours
Weight loss and
menopause
exercise
Surgical ablation,
Unknow
endometriosi
3. 4. Ovarian
Gonadotrophin dysfunction
deficiency Polycystic
Pituitary
tumours ovaries
Destructive
pituitary lesions
Pituitary
ablatio
Kapan minta bantuan ?
Earlier investigation
In young couple
are also better in
it may be those with clear
reasonable to history of menstrual
wait two years irregularity, hair
but in older growth, pelvic
couple it is wise infections or male
problem such as
to start tests
undescended testis,
after about 12 adult mumps etc
months of trying.
Penyebab infertil pada pria dan
perempuan
In some Unexplained
infertility:
couple one or There are few
more cause couple who do not
may be found show any of the
above causes in
in both either partners and
partners. this group is called
'unexplained
infertility'
Kontrasepsi
History of Middle Ages -
contraception cedar oil,
Egyptians - cabbage, pitch,
honey, crocodile ox-gall, elephant
dung, fermented dung Europeans
acacia extract as in the
vaginal Renaissance -
suppositories invention of the
Romans and condom, vaginal
Greeks - lint sponge with
tampon to block brandy
sperm, also used
abortion to
terminate
pregnancy
Europeans in
Behavioral techniques
Type Technique %
efectiveness
Abstinence no sex 100%
Rhythm Method Natural Family Planning
intercourse before ovulation
or during menstruation 76-
90%
Coitus Interruptus pulling the penis out of

or withdrawal the vagina before
ejaculation 72-
77 %
Barriers
Type Technique % effectiveness
Diaphragm
barrier with 82-94%
spermicide
Condom latex sheath placed 88-99%
over the penis
Vaginal structures used by
tampons ancient and medieval civilizations,
may be accompanied by vinegar,
hemlock, opium, honey which were
used as spermicides
% effectiveness
unknown
Surgical sterilization
Type Technique % effectiveness
Vasectomy males tie off
vas deferens
99.9%
Tubal females tie off
ligation Fallopian tubes
99.9%
Sterilization removal of gonads 100%
Chemical
Type Technique %
effectiveness
Douche with spermicide
spermicide 70-85%
Oral pill,
contraception suppresses
ovulation
by releasing estrogen
and progesterone
derivatives,
inhibits release of
FSH and LH 95%-
98%
Type Technique %
effectiveness
Implants similar to pill,
but it is am implant
under the skin
which gradually
releases progesterone
derivatives nearly
100%
Type Technique %
effectiveness
Injections Depo-Provera
injection that
lasts up to 3 &
1 months
99%
IUD
Hormonal regulation of testicular function
and spermatogenesis
The hypothalamic synthesis and release of GnRH is
regulated by stimulatory and inhibitory signals from
the cerebral cortex, which are mediated through
neurotransmitters. GnRH stimulates production of the
gonadotropins LH and FSH in the anterior pituitary. LH
induces testosterone production from cholesterol in
testicular Leydig cells. Prolactin potentiates the action
of LH on Leydig cells. Testosterone and its metabolites
17-beta estradiol and dihydrotestosterone suppress
gonadotropin production via negative feedback that
acts on both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
FSH induces the synthesis of various products that
regulate spermatogenesis by the cells of Sertoli inside
the seminiferous tubules, including androgen-binding
protein and inhibin B. High levels of testosterone in
the seminiferous tubules is essential for quantitatively
and qualitatively normal spermatogenesis.
Adequate spermatogenesis results
in the increased production of
inhibins by Sertoli cells. Inhibin B
suppresses spermatogenesis, both
directly through paracrine effects
and also indirectly by suppressing
FSH through a negative feedback
mechanism. Abbreviations: ABP,
androgen-binding protein; cortex,
cerebral cortex; DHT,
dihydrotestosterone; E2, 17-beta
estradiol; FSH, follicle-stimulating
hormone; GnRH, gonadotropin-
67 releasing hormone; LH, luteinizing
Reproduksi/PS Poli/FKUWKS/2008

Reproduksi Manusia

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REPRODUKSI MANUSIA

2. Jumlah anak pada setiap

3. Jumlah reproduksi selama

4. Jumlah perawatan induk.

Volume: 2-6 ml Jumlah spr: 20 jt/ml

1. High fertility: spermatozoa aktif

Vasa aplasia hypospadias

Coitus Interruptus pulling the penis out of

Sterilization removal of gonads 100%

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