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SENSORY

ORGANS -
TONGUE
JUNHEL DALANON, DMD, MAT, EdD
TONGUE
Tongue is a mobile muscular organ present in
the oral cavity. It is associated with the
following functions:
1. Receives bolus of food
2. Mastication (chewing
of food).
3. Deglutition (swallowing
of food)
4. Peripheral apparatus of taste
5. Speech
6. Facial expression
7. Paste postage stamp
8. Pattern of papillae has medicolegal importance
ANATOMICAL FEATURES

The tongue consists of two parts


namely:
1. Oral part: Anterior 2/3rd.
2. Pharyngeal part: Posterior 1/3rd.
ANATOMICAL FEATURES
It is conical in shape and presents with following
features:
1. Tip: It is the anterior end of the tongue and lies in
contact with the incisor teeth.
2. Base: It is formed by the posterior 1/3rd of tongue.
3. Root: The part of tongue attached to the floor of
mouth is called the root. The lower fibers of
genioglossus attach it to the mandible and hyoid bone.
ANATOMICAL FEATURES
4. Lateral margins, present on either side of
tongue, are free and in contact with the teeth
and gums. The palatoglossal fold merges
with these margins at the junction of anterior
2/3rd with posterior 1/3rd on each side.
5. Two surfaces: Dorsal surface and ventral
surface.
DORSAL SURFACE
The surface is lined by non-keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium.
It is convex on all sides and is divided into two parts
by an inverted V-shaped sulcus known as sulcus
terminalis.
The apex of the sulcus is directed backwards and is
marked by a shallow depression called foramen
caecum which represents the site of the
embryological origin of thyroid gland.
DORSAL SURFACE

The two parts are:


a. Pre sulcal or oral part
b. Post sulcal or pharyngeal part
PRE SULCAL OR ORAL PART
It constitutes anterior 2/3 of the dorsal surface
and is placed in the floor of mouth.
The mucus membrane lining this part is adherent
to the underlying muscles by lamina propria.
Numerous papillae of different types are present
on this surface. They bear the taste buds.
A median furrow representing the bilateral origin
of tongue is seen.
POST SULCAL OR PHARYNGEAL PART

Mucus membrane of this part overlies


loose submucosa containing numerous
mucus and serous glands.
A large number of lymphoid follicles
known as lingual tonsils are present.
There are no papillae on this part.
POST SULCAL OR PHARYNGEAL PART
The mucosa passes laterally over the palatine tonsils and
pharyngeal wall. It passes posteriorly and is connected to
the epiglottis by three folds of mucus membrane. These are:
i. Median glosso-epiglottic fold
ii. Right lateral glosso-epiglottic fold
iii. Left lateral glosso-epiglottic fold
On either side of the median fold a shallow depression is
present between it and the lateral folds. This is called
vallecula.
PAPILLAE OF TONGUE

1. Vallate Papillae
2. Fungiform Papillae
3. Filiform Papillae
4. Foliate Papillae
5. Papillae Simplex
PAPILLAE OF TONGUE
1. Vallate papillae:

They are largest, 1 to 2mm, in diameter and 8


to 12 in number. They are situated in a single
row adjacent to and in front of the sulcus
terminalis. Each papilla is seen as a truncated
conical projection surrounded by a circular
sulcus at its base.
PAPILLAE OF TONGUE

2. Fungiform papillae:

These are numerous rounded reddish


elevations present near the tip and
margins of the tongue.
PAPILLAE OF TONGUE
3. Filiform papillae:

They are most numerous and cover most of the


pre sulcal area of the dorsum of tongue. They
impart a velvety appearance to the tongue.
Filiform papillae provide the tongue with a
rough surface to help in grasping of food.
PAPILLAE OF TONGUE

4. Foliate papillae:

These are present as 3 or 4 vertically


arranged mucus folds on the lateral
margin of the tongue, in front of sulcus
terminalis.
PAPILLAE OF TONGUE

5. Papillae simplex:

These are not surface projections and


can be seen only under the microscope.
TASTE BUDS
All papillae except filiform papillae contain taste buds.
The taste buds are modified epithelial cells. The cells
are arranged as spherical (barrel shaped) masses made
up of slender spindle shaped cells containing central
gustatory cells surrounded by supporting cells. They
converge apically and open on the surface of tongue by
a gustatory pore.
The base of each bud is penetrated by the afferent
gustatory fibers.
TASTE BUDS
Taste buds are present at the following sites
a. Anterior 2/3rd of dorsum of tongue
b. Inferior surface of soft palate
c. Palatoglossal arches
d. Posterior surface of epiglottis
e. Posterior wall of oropharynx
VENTRAL SURFACE

The ventral surface is lined by a thin


mucus membrane which gets reflected
on to the floor of
the mouth.
It does not contain papillae.
VENTRAL SURFACE

It presents with the following features:


1. Frenulum linguae
2. Lingual Veins
3. Plica Fimbriate
4. Sublingual Papilla
VENTRAL SURFACE

1. Frenulum linguae:

It is a median fold of mucus membrane


connecting the tongue to the floor of
mouth.
VENTRAL SURFACE
2. Lingual veins:

These are seen under the mucus


membrane, on either side of the
frenulum. The lingual nerve and artery lie
medial to the veins on each side but are
not visible.
VENTRAL SURFACE

3. Plica fimbriate:

It consists of a fringe like fold of mucus


membrane present lateral to the lingual
vein and is directed forwards and
medially towards the tip of tongue.
VENTRAL SURFACE

4. Sublingual papilla:

It is present on each side of the base of


frenulum linguae, as an elevation. It
presents with the opening of the duct of
submandibular gland at its summit.
INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF TONGUE
EXTRINSIC MUSCLES OF TONGUE
EXTRINSIC MUSCLES OF TONGUE

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