1st IRAN-KOREA Joint Workshop On Cyclotron Accelerator and Related Topics 2014.10.

22

Beam trajectory calculation for compact cyclotron

Sungkyunkwan University
SookYoung Jung

IT Accelerator Engineering Research Center

1. Introduction

2. Trajectory calculation
- by TOSCA
- by CYCLONE v8.4

3. Central region design

4. Until the extraction

1. Introduction
 Introduction
Process (Magnet)

Initial
calculation Finding beam characteristic (EO, orbit oscillation)
- with analyzed B,E field data
- To check the stable acceleration until the final energy
3D modelling Beam dynamics code
- Solving equation of motion of particle in EM field
- Information
3D field 1) Particle position (Path) (x,y,z)
analyze 2) Acceleration property at the cavity gap
3) Energy, momentum gain along the turns
4) Axial, Radial tune
Trajectory
For the precise calculation, many accelerator research
Calculation
center in the world are developing their own code for
cyclotron
Fabrication
& Assembly
2. Trajectory calculation
Trajectory calculation by TOSCA

Closed equilibrium orbit calculation with only B field (no any E field)
Energy of particle could be found by iterative way
-> At which radius, which energy of particle can be kept is found
Hill : higher B field -> round shape of path
Valley : lower B field -> straighter path then hill region
 Trajectory calculation by TOSCA

4 acceleration gaps

Successive acceleration could be shown by including the E-field data (40 kV)
Dee angle was determined and electrostatic field was analyzed in TOSCA
Before the detailed cavity design, arbitrary drawn cavity model was analyzed
 Trajectory calculation by TOSCA

Single particle is proceeding the larger radius orbit

Successive acceleration was occurred when it going through four gaps
Not varying field with time it is still not very precise
 Trajectory calculation by CYCLONE v8.
4
SKKU 9 MeV cyclotron parameter
PARTICLE 938.27,1
UNITS CM,KG
BFIELD,4,90,71,0.0,0.5,14.06045355,NO
GAMMA
(F9.5)
DEE=2,F,30.,75.,0.
HARMONIC=4
VOLTAGE=45.0
!EODATA,MAKE,1000,0.03,0.1
LOG=35,YES,T
START=3
TURN=-60
THETA=0.00,ANGLE
ENERGY=9
R=30.67
PR=0.0
Z=0.0
PZ=0.0
RUN
END

Developed from TRIUMF, Canada (1970~, v8.4:1997)

Beam dynamics only for cyclotron
 Trajectory calculation by CYCLONE v8.
4
RF properties can be applied
: more reliable than TOSCA

Without AVF sectors With AVF sectors (Data from TOSCA)

 Trajectory calculation by CYCLONE v8.
4
Radial and Axial tune calculation
: important for escaping the resonance region (beam blow out)
(But usually, before the 10 MeV, this is not very big concern)

Horizontal stability
r=1-n * 0, 0=v/, r=r/0

Vertical stability
z=n * 0, 0=v/, z=z/0
3. Central region design
 Central region design
Injection
: transfer of the beam from the ion source onto an equilibrium orbit in the
center of the cyclotron

Two approaches

1. Internal Ion Source:

o. Ion source placed in the center of the cyclotron
o. Source is integrated part of the accelerating structure
o. Trivial but important case for compact cyclotrons

2. External Ion Source:

o. ion source placed outside of the machine
o. injection line with magnets and/or an electrostatic inflector is needed
 Central region design
Internal Ion Source (SKKUCY-9)

Some advantages
Simple and cheap: simple ion source; No injection line needed
Compact: two ion sources can be placed simultaneously

Some disadvantages/limitation
Low to moderate beam intensities
Simple ion species (H+,H-,deuterons,He-3, He-4)
Beam matching/bunching/manipulation not possible
Careful CR design in order to obtain good centering and focusing
Gas-leak directly into the cyclotron (bad for negative ions)
Machine has to be stopped for ion source maintenance
 Central region design
1. Start with crude model, refine step by step
- Uniform B-field, Hard edge approximation, Rough determination of IS, gaps
(only median plane)
2. Refine using orbit integration program
- Artificial E-field with Gaussian profiles in the gaps
easy to generate and modify
- Include vertical motion and optimize gap position
3. Create 3D model of CR to solve Laplace equation
- RELAX3D (Triumf)
- TOSCA fromVector Fields (Finite Elements)
- Fully parametrize the model for easy modification/optimization
- E-field measurements no longer needed
4. Track orbits in realistic B-field (field map or 3D FE models)
5. Track a full beam (many particles) to find beam losses
6. Fine tune beam centering and vertical focusing
Central region design

CR of SKKUCY-9
- Center pole of magnet -> B-field
- Central RF structures -> E-field
- Head of ion source -> Initial particle position

- Trajectory calculated by own written code

 Central region design
3D model of CR and Mesh control in TOSCA -> Electrostatic distribution

Kinetic energy
Chimney-puller distance
-> at initial position
-> after one turn
 Central region design

Magnetic field distribution Vertical oscillation in central region

- Still has flutter
- Axial focusing effect by bump (Green box is an exit of chimney)
 Central region design
After final optimization, (Orbit, Radius, Energy, Turn separation until 5 turn)

< 3 mm
 Central region design
Phase acceptance investigation with different initial RF phase (after 5 turns)

Energy dispersion rate Minimum kinetic energy Acceptable phase range

[%] [keV] [degree]
20 708.7 17.5 (297.8-315.3)
40 705.9 25.0 (293.2-318.2)
60 703.1 31.0 (289.6-320.6)
80 700.3 37.2 (285.6-322.8)
100 697.5 44.3 (280.7-325.0)

Fabrication (Cu& Cu-W) and Assembly

4. Until the extraction
 Until the extraction
Integrated with main RF system -> Electrostatic distribution of whole region
 Until the extraction
Vertical oscillation is not a concern anymore after the CR (AVF region)
Entire orbit until the extraction near 31 cm of 9 MeV was shown
 Until the extraction
Acceleration characteristic in entire region of the
cyclotron
Investigation of validity of the designed central region
Analysis of the kinetic energy and orbit radius increase
Estimation of the ability to accelerate a H- particle
 Until the extraction
Proton extraction using thin carbon foil stripper
Extraction of the beam which accelerated until 9 MeV
Size of the stripper : 1 cm X 1 cm
Position of the stripper : Radius of 31 cm, 60 degree from the middle of
the cavity

Carbon foil holder design

IT Accelerator Engineering Research Center