DIABETES MELLITUS

DIABETES MELLITUS

BY :
RIKHA KURNIA RAHMAWATI

MATRIC NUMBER
1218742
 DEFINITION

TYPES
DIABETESMELLITUS?
DIABETES MELLITUS?

CAUSES

SYMPTOMS

COMPLICATIONS

DIAGNOSIS

RISK FACTORS
 WHAT IS DIABETES MELLITUS?

Diabetes Mellitus can be called simply

as diabetes
DIABETES = dia+bainein to go
through or excessive discharge of
urine
MELLITUS = mell honey-sweet
A lifelong (chronic) metabolic disease in
which there are high levels of sugar in
the blood.
 WHAT IS DIABETES
MELLITUS?

Either because the pancreas does not

produce enough insulin (insulin
deficiency), or cells do not respond to the
insulin that is produced (insulin
resistance).
This high blood sugar produces the
classical symptoms of polyuria (frequent
urination), polydipsia (increased thirst)
and polyphagia (increased hunger).
 WHAT IS INSULIN?

Insulin is a hormone produced by

the pancreas
It has a function to control the
amount of blood sugar
It works by attaching to the insulin
receptor in cell to influence the
Glut-4 to transport glucose

Go to the
picture
WHAT HAPPE
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TYPE OF DIABETES MELLITUS

There are three types of Diabetes

Mellitus:
1. Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
2. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
3. Gestational Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus TYPE 1
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is
characterized by:
loss of the insulin-producing beta
cells of the islets of Langerhans in
the pancreas.
in which beta cell loss is a T-cell-
mediated attack.
leading to insulin deficiency.
The majority of type 1 diabetes is of the
immune-mediated nature
Thus, can be further classified as
Diabetes mellitus TYPE 1

Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age,

But it is most often diagnosed in
children, teens, or young adults.
In this disease, the body makes little or
no insulin.
Daily injections of insulin are needed.
 Diabetes Mellitus TYPE 2

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized

by:
insulin resistance, which may be
combined with relatively reduced
insulin secretion.
The defective responsiveness of
body tissues to insulin is believed to
involve the insulin receptor.
 Diabetes Mellitus TYPE 2
Type 2 diabetes makes up most
diabetes cases.
It most often occurs in adulthood.
However, because of high obesity
rates, teens and young adults are now
being diagnosed with it.
Many people with type 2 diabetes do
not know they have it.
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
Gestational diabetes is high blood
sugar that develops at any time
during pregnancy in a woman who
does not have diabetes.
GDM resembles type 2 diabetes in
several respects, involving a
combination of relatively
inadequate insulin secretion and
responsiveness.
 It occurs in about 2%5% of all
pregnancies and may improve or
disappear after delivery.
Gestational diabetes is fully
treatable, but requires careful
medical supervision throughout
the pregnancy.
About 20%50% of affected
women develop type 2 diabetes
later in life.
What causes diabetes mellitus?
The cause of diabetes depends on the type
1. Type 1 Diabetes:
.The cause of this diabetes is partly
inherited, and then
.It is triggered by certain infections, (with
some evidence pointing at Coxsackie B4
virus).
.A genetic element in individual
susceptibility to some of these triggers
has been traced to particular HLA
genotypes.
2. Type 2 Diabetes
Usually, this Diabetes is due primarily to
lifestyle factors and genetics.
Thefollowing is a comprehensive list of
other causes of diabetes type 2
Genetic defects of -cell function
Genetic defects in insulin
processing or insulin action
Exocrine pancreatic defects
Endocrinopathies
Infections
Drugs
3.Gestational Diabetes
. Increased level of certain
hormones made in placenta during
pregnancy
 SYMPTOMS
High blood sugar levels can cause
several symptoms, including:
Blurry vision
Excess thirst
Fatigue
Hunger
Urinating often
Weight loss
COMPLICATIONS
After many years, diabetes can lead to other serious
problems, the major long-term complications relate to
Damage blood vessels cardiovascular
disease
The main "macro vascular" diseases
atherosclerosis of larger arteries ischemic
heart disease (angina and myocardial
infarction), stroke and peripheral vascular
disease.
damages the capillaries microangiopathy.
Diabetic retinopathy, which affects blood vessel
formation in the retina of the eye visual
symptoms, reduced vision, blindness
Other COMPLICATIONS
Diabetic nephropathy, scarring
changes in the kidney tissue, loss of small
or progressively larger amounts of protein
in the urine chronic kidney disease.
Diabetic neuropathy numbness,
tingling and pain in the feet skin
damage (due to altered sensation)
Together with vascular disease in the legs,
neuropathy diabetes-related foot
problems (such as diabetic foot ulcers)
difficult to treat require amputation.
DIAGNOSIS
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by
recurrent or persistent hyperglycaemia, and is
diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the
following:

Fasting plasma glucose level 7.0 mmol/l

(126 mg/dl)
Plasma glucose 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dL)
two hours after a 75 g oral glucose load as in a
glucose tolerance test
Symptoms of hyperglycaemia and casual
plasma glucose 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl)
Glycated haemoglobin (Hb A1C) 6.5%
RISK FACTORS
Risk of diabetes typically increase when you are:
Older age (45 years or older)
Less active (sedentary life)
Overweight or obese
Family history of diabetes
Pacific Islander, Asian, African, Hispanic,
Native American ancestry
Pre-diabetes
High blood pressure
High lipids (triglycerides and low HDL)
Diabetes during pregnancy or baby >9 lbs.
THANK YOU