UKCBC

HND TTM
PEARSON BTEC
LEVEL: QCF 4
Unit 1: Travel and Tourism
Sector
WEEK 1:
INTRODUCTION
H I S T O R I C A L D E V E LO P M E N T S I N T H E T R AV E L A N D T O U R I S M
SECTOR

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Aim of the unit
This unit enables learners to gain understanding of the
travel and tourism sector, the influence of
government, the effects of supply and demand, and the
impacts of tourism.

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LO1 Understand the history and
structure of the travel and tourism
sector
1.1 explain key historical developments in the travel and
tourism sector

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Command word
Explain: To give an account of the purposes or reasons.

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Unit content
History: pilgrimages, the grand tours, post-industrial
revolution, post war, current; factors facilitating growth
eg technology, time, money, freedom of movement,
infrastructure, social conditions; possible future
developments eg sustainability

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 Definition of Tourism
Tourism may be defined as the processes,
activities, and outcomes arising from the
relationships and the interactions among tourists,
tourism suppliers, host governments, host
communities, and surrounding environments that
are involved in the attracting and hosting of
visitors.

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WTO Definition of
Tourism
Tourism comprises the activities of
persons traveling to and staying in
places outside their usual
environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure,
business and other purposes.

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Part One: Tourism Overview

Visitor
A visitor is defined as those
persons who travel to a country other
than that in which they have their
usual residence but outside their
usual environment for a period not
exceeding twelve months and whose
main purpose of visit is other than
the exercise of an activity
remunerated from within the place
visited.

Chapter 1: Tourism in Perspective

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History:
pilgrimages,
the grand tours,
post-industrial revolution,
post war,
current;

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Growth and development of
Tourism
Earliest form of heritage tourism was
pilgrimage. The motive for travel was
for the search for spiritual
experiences or religious reasons and
hence visited places with religious
significance. Examples include burial
sites of famous leaders, locations
where miracles occurred or places of
mystical importance (Timothy, 2011).

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Earliest forms of tourism
From circa 3000 BC
Reasons for travel:
Obligation and duty (military, government administration)
Trade

Reasons for travel:

Religion (e.g. visits to sites of healing)
Leisure, including sport
VFR

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Early guides
The role of guides was divided between
those whose task was to shepherd the
tourists around the sites and others who
were to provide information for their
charges
Guidebooks:
Travelogues, letters and diaries

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 Growth and development of
Tourism industry
Biblical and ancient accounts offers
evidence of the travels made by the
noble class to visit sites which were
already old (Timothy, 2011).
In the records of ancient Greeks
visiting Egypt there are references to
self-appointed guides who would show
you the relics. There was little
conservation but there was
interpretation (Howard, 2003).
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Seven Wonders of the
Ancient World
Great Pyramids of Egypt (including Sphinx)
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus
Statue of Zeus at Olympia
Collosus of Rhodes in the Harbor at
Rhodes
Great Lighthouse (Pharos) in Alexandria,
Egypt
Temple Artemis at Ephesus

The Great Pyramids of Egypt

are the sole remaining
wonder.

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Earliest transport
From circa3000 BC
Coastal and river vessels
Donkeys
Solid-wheeled wagons drawn by oxen
From circa1000 BC
Horse-drawn wagons
Horse riding

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 Historic Transportation

Stagecoach Travel
Water Travel
Rail Travel
Automobile and Motorcoach
Travel
Air Travel

Chapter 2: Tourism Through the Ages

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Growth and development
Tourism industry
The Renaissance (14th -17th century) was based on the
use of styles from ancient Greece and Rome. They
Renaissance architects build new buildings and promoted
antiques (Howard 2003).

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The Grand Tour
Tour of major cultural centres of Europe
Travel for education
Also provided political and social contacts
Originally by those seeking positions at
royal court, but then by children of nobility
and landed gentry

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Growth and development
Tourism industry
The Grand Tour is mentioned as one of the earliest form
of pre-packaged and mass produced tour (Timothy, 2011)
.
The best-known modern origin of heritage tourism were
the experiences of Thomas Cook, the father of modern
travel agent, tour operator and group tour. Thomas Cook
organised first tour for more than 500 people in 1841.

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Restrictions on travel
Travel required passports or authorities to
travel to move between regions as well as
between countries
Acceptance of currency exchange

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The rise and decline of the UK spas
Rise
Discovery of healing waters or similar
(e.g. mud)
Influence of the Renaissance
Authors writing in support (especially
professionals like doctors)
Support from the aristocracy, leading to higher
social status of visits
With entertainment, spas become important
social venues

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The rise and decline of the UK spas (Continued)
Decline
Decline in the markets attracted
Difficulties in catering for new mass tourist
arrivals
Reduced belief in the efficacy of the waters
Rise in seawater bathing as an alternative to spas
Growth of a more conservative residential
population
Lessening demand for commercial entertainment
Eventual withdrawal of state financial support

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The rise and decline of the UK seaside resorts
Rise (18th and 19th centuries)
Belief in using seawater to improve health (first
drinking, then bathing), supported by doctors
Visitors move upmarket
Invention of the bathing machine overcomes
moral concerns
Steamboat services improve accessibility
Development of piers to disembark steamboat
passengers adds entertainment value
From mid-19th century, growth of the railways

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The rise and decline of the UK seaside
resorts (Continued)
Decline (19th and early 20th centuries)
Loss of belief in efficacy of water treatment
(tempered by rise in health benefits of sea air)
Introduction of steamboat services to the
Continent
Development of affordable resorts around the
Mediterranean
Growth of fashionable resorts abroad
Better climate in southern Europe

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Travel in the 19th Century
Steam trains provide greater opportunities
to travel further, faster
Steamships provide cross-channel services
Travel organisers such as Thomas Cook and
Sir Henry Lunn established domestic and
international tour programmes

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 The era of popular tourism:
1950 to the twenty-first century

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Development of the package tour
Cheap packages possible by chartering entire
aircraft and bulk purchase of hotel rooms
Destinations develop additional accommodation
to cater for the growing market

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 Changes in destination trends for
mass-market holidays, 1930s to 1980s

Figure: Changes in destination trends for mass market holidays, 1930s to 1980s

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The identikit destination
A destination which offers little originality,
and is almost indistinguishable from other
similar destinations
the same term may be used to describe
resorts, attractions or individual hotels
lacking any original features

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The decline of the passenger liner
Passenger liners declined due to their inability
to transfer line voyages to cruises
They were too large to enter many ports,
especially in the Caribbean
Many were old and in need of improvements
Passenger ship operators had insufficient
funds to embark on a programme of building
new vessels
Many, built for the immigrant trade, lacked
sufficient double cabins and en suite
accommodation
High labour costs and strong unions kept
fares high
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Independent travel
Increased private car ownership provides new
opportunities for travel
Camping and caravaning holidays
Packaged as an affordable and convenient option
More recently glamping (glamorous camping)
has been part of the revival in camping holidays

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The growing importance of business travel
Led by the growth in world trade
More recently influenced by expansion of the EU
Per capita revenue from business travellers
exceeds that of leisure travellers
Meetings, conference and exhibitions
stimulate business travel

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The all-inclusive holiday
The upside
Seen by tourists as offering better value
Tourists pay up front for the bulk of their
holiday, allowing better control over funds
abroad
Benefits the timid tourist; everything taken
care of, within the complex
First choice part of TUI Group for examples
offers only all inclusive holidays.

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Low cost airlines
Low cost airlines are those airlines which try to minimize
the cost per passenger to enable them to charge low
prices to their customers.
Low cost airlines offer a no frills service. They charge
customers for baggage, they offer no food on short hauls
flights, or customers have to buy their own snacks and
drinks.
Examples: Southwest Airlines, Ryanair, easyJet, Vueling,
Norwegian.

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The Emergence of new
markets
The Emergence of new markets such as Brazil, Russia,
India and China is likely to drive the future for tourism.
Many European operators do not have wide presence in
the emerging markets. However companies like TUI travel
have realized the need to gain exposure to these fastest
growing economies.

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Data, web and mobile
technology
Many companies sell their products online for
example lastminute.com, Hotels4U, Thomas Cook
Companies can tailor the information they provide
to customers
This allows them to improve the match between
customer profile and product
It also encourages customer loyalty to particular
websites
A range of apps developed for Smart phones, and
tablets used in multi channel distribution.

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Summary of factors
facilitating growth tourism
technology,
time,
money,
freedom of movement,
infrastructure,
social conditions;

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Possible future developments:
Sustainability
Sustainable Tourism (also Responsible Tourism) is
concerned with respecting and benefiting local people
and the environment.
Tourists are increasingly getting concerned about the
impact of their activities on the environment. Various tour
operators have developed products which meet the needs
of responsible travellers.

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Student activity
Produce a time line of the key historical developments in
the travel and tourism sector.

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Further reading:
Holloway, J. C. (2016) The
Business of Tourism 10th
edition, Pearson
Please read the following chapters:
Chapter 2 - The development and growth
of tourism up to the mid-twentieth century
Chapter 3 - The era of popular tourism:
1950 to the twenty-first century

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bibliography
Cooper, C, Fletcher J, Fyall A, Gilbert D, and Wanhill S.
(2008) Tourism Principles and Practice 4rd edition, Pearson
Goeldner C.R. and Ritchie B JR., Tourism: Principles,
Practices, Philosophies, 12th Edition
Holloway, J. C. (2016) The Business of Tourism 10 th
edition, Pearson
Howard P. , (2003) Heritage: management, interpretation,
identity. Continuum
Timothy, D.J. (2011), Cultural heritage and tourism: an
introduction, Channel View Publication

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