TELEVISION

Presented by:
Bivek Giri
Isha Khanal
Srijan Shakya
Sijan Shrestha

History of Television 1
 History of Television

History of Television 2
 Television Timeline History

1880,
1862, Alexander
Giovanna 1996,
Graham Bell 1907, 1928, The first public
Caselli and Thomas Scientist uses Philo Taylor
transfered digital high-
Edison invented CRT to Farnsworth 1950, definition
an image Photophone transmits image built
through Color TV television(HDTV
which could via electronics electronic was or HD) broadcast
wires transfer sound device television released in the US

1873, Smith 1884, Paul 1925, 1932, 1964, 2008,

and May Nipkow send JL Baird invented Vladimir George H. Panasonic made
transform multiple the worlds first discovers means Heilmeier built the worlds
the pictures image through working television of converting Liquid Crystal largest Plasma
into signals wire using system which was light rays into Display (LCD) TV (6ft tall and
rotating disk electromechanical electronic signals TV 11ft Wide)

History of Television 3
Closer Look at these
Events

History of Television 4
Abbe Giovana Caselli invented
the Pantelegraph in 1862.

It could transfer an
image through
wires, similar to the
way telephone
wires transfer
sound
History of Television 5
Through
photoelectric effect
in selenium, he
transfer the
pictures into signals

History of Television 6
Add a Slide Title - 2
History of Television 7
This is Nipkow
spinning disk
with a spiral
pattern of holes
in it, so each
hole scanned a
line of the image

Nipkow disk was made in 1884

History of Television 8
In 1923, Vladimir
Zworykin demonstrated
his iconoscope tube, the
first practical television
camera tube

In 1927, he also developed a

History of Television 9
On 25 March 1925, John Logie
Baird demonstrate the
television images in motion
using Nipkow disk for both
scanning and displaying image.
It was electromechanical
television system

By 26 January
1926, he
demonstrate the
transmission of
the image of a
face in motion
History of Television 10
by radio
In 1927, Philo
Fransworth
became first one to
transmit a picture
over the air

He was also the

first one to
demonstrate an
electronic
television
system in public
On July 7, 1936: David Sarnoff and RCA launches the
first Commercial Television Broadcast (NBC)

History of Television 12
In 1947, Earl Madman Muntz created the
first affordable television

History of Television 13
In 1948,
Cable Television
was introduced

In 1975, HBO became

the first cable TV
channel to be broadcast
via satellite

History of Television 14
In 1950, Color TV was
introduced but production
was stopped due to Korean
war effect.
And in 1954, Color TV was
introduced by RCA in US.

But Color TV became

dominant set after 1966

History of Television 15
By the end of 1950s, there were 559 stations and nearly
90% of U.S. households had television

History of Television 16
In 1962, the worlds first
active communication
satellite, Telstar 1,
transmitted the first live
television signal by
satellite

History of Television 17
 In 1964,
George Harry
Heilmeier built
LCD TV

And in the same year,

Gene Slottow and Donald
Bitzer built a Plasma TV

History of Television 18
 8 1
19 HDTV was developed by
Japan. But it was accepted
by F.C.C. in 1996

History of Television 19
 98
19 DVD was commercially available.
Only 2% of homes have a DVD player

History of Television 20
 2004
Blu-Ray and HD
DVD was
introduced but
eventually Blu-Ray
wins the market

History of Television 21
 2008

Panasonic made
the worlds largest
Plasma TV of 6ft
tall and 11ft wide

History of Television 22
2009

DTV (Digital Television) becomes mandatory

for national networks

History of Television 23
 So, In U.S. around 115.9 million home uses at
least 1 TV
History of Television 24
 World War II Stops TVs Growth
Most of the engineers in television joined the military and
developed radar, sonar, radio-guided missiles and
battlefield communications.

Post- War Development

In the early 1940s the audience was excited to see any
transmitted picture and the industry broadcast anything
available including talentless, live shots of a sunset and
even test patterns.
By 1948, set sales increased by 500 percent over the
previous year, and viewership grew by 4000 percent

History of Television 25
 Televisions Economic Golden Age
By 1966, the networks were broadcasting all their prime-
time shows in color and people were rushing out to replace
their old black-and-white sets.
Independent stations began to compete a little, but the real
challenger to network television was cable TV

Black and White TV Color TV

History of Television 26
 Cable Television

In 1950s, Cable Television began as Community Antenna

Television (CATV). And in 1970s CATV became cable
television
Cables big growth period was between 1970 (10% of
homes wired) and 1990 (60% od homes wired).
Todays cable systems carry hundreds of channels

History of Television 27
Adapting to New Technologies
Broadcasting TV networks compete with newer technologies, including cable,
satellite, on-demand video, video games, and the Internet
The broadcast TV industry is preparing for its changeover to digital, high-
definition television (HDTV) which promises pictures as clear as a Cineplex
feature. Scanning lines are more than double the standard: 1125 lines instead of
the 525 of conventional TV, and the wider HDTV screen features high-quality
digital sound, interactivity and various other advanced digital services.

History of Television 28
History of Television of Nepal

History of Television 29
 TV Sets Then

History of Television 30
 TV Sets Now

History of Television 31
 TV Connector Plug Then

History of Television 32
 TV Connector Plug Now

History of Television 33
Broadcastin
g in Nepal

History of Television 34
st Television Channel of Nepal

History of Television 35
Other
Governmental
Channel

NTV PLUS
NTV NEWS

History of Television 36
 Nepal Channel
Name Established Date Name Established Date
Nepal Television 1983 Himshikhar TV 2011
NTV Plus 2003 E-24 TV 2012
Kantipur Television 2003 Araniko TV 2013
Image Channel 2003 TV Trishuli 2013
Avenues TV 2007 Dhaulagiri TV 2013
Sagarmatha TV 2007 NTV News 2014
ABC TV 2008 Arena TV 2014
News 24 2010 Kaligandaki TV 2014
Himalayan TV 2010 Kantipur Gold 2015
TV Filmy 2010 TV Today 2015
Terai TV 2010 Appan TV 2015
History of Television 37
Makalu TV 2010 Business Plus 2016
 Nepali TV from Abroad
Name Origin Country Established Date
Sagarmatha Television USA 1997
Channel Nepal Hong Kong 2001
Nepal 1 Nepal Television India 2004
Nepali TV UK 2005
White Himal TV New York (USA) 2011
America Nepal Television Virginia (USA) 2012
Global Nepal Television Hong Kong 2014

History of Television 38
 TELEVISION SYSTEM

History of Television 39
 Television System
As in FM system the sound is carried by the carrier signal in TV system the
video or picture is amplitude modulated by carrier signal

In TV system the TV camera converts the video signal into electrical signal and
at the receiver end the electrical signal is converted into video signal with the
help of CRT(cathode ray tube)
 Television Camera

It converts the optical

image of the program
material into an electrical
signal for transmission
over cable or by radio to
receiver, where the
original image can be
reconstructed from the
An ENG/EFP
received camera
signal
contains all elements
required to record video Fig: ENG/EFP camera
and audio.
 Television Camera

A vidicon tube is a video camera tube design in which the

target material is a photoconductor.
The vidicon is a storage-type camera tube in which a charge-
density pattern is formed by the imaged scene radiation on
aphotoconductivesurface which is then scanned by a beam
of low-velocityelectrons.
The fluctuating voltage coupled out to a videoamplifiercan
be used to reproduce the scene being imaged.
 CCD (Charged Coupled Device)

CCD is the sensor for recording images in digital cameras

It converts the optical image into electrical signals inside
the camera
It contains tons of image sensing elements called pixels,
which function like tiles making a mosaic. The more pixels,
the higher the resolution or the better the picture
 CCD Chip

A CCD (Charge Coupled Device) chip is a light sensitive

device, made of silicon. It is an array of light sensitive pixels
To shift the lines on the CCD chip, it needs clock signals or
pulses. They must be generated by the electronics or, by
the computer.
Another important task is the conversion of the analog
output signal of the charge detection node to a digital
format the computer is able to read. And this is performed
by ADC(analog to digital convertor)
 CRT( Cathode Ray tube)
CRT performs the reverse function of television camera as it
converts the electrical signal into video signal
CRT TV take the incoming signal and break it into its separate
sound and picture components.
The sound part feeds into an audio circuit, which uses
aloudspeaker to recreate the original sound recorded in the TV
studio.
Meanwhile, the picture signal is sent to a separate circuit. This fires
a beam ofelectronsdown a long cathode-ray tube.

Two types of vacuum tubes : Monochrome (B&W) and color

picture
 Monochrome CRT
The tube is housed in a bell-shaped glass enclosure.
A filament heats a cathode that emits electrons, which are attracted and
accelerated by positive-bias voltages on the elements in an electron gun
assembly.
The electron gun focuses the electrons into a very narrow beam.
A control grid controls the intensity of the electron beam and the
brightness of the spot it makes.
The beam is accelerated forward by a very high voltage applied to an
internal metallic coating called aquadag.
The face of the picture tube is coated internally with a phosphor that
glows and produces white light when it is struck by the electron beam.
The magnetic field around the electron beam is deflected by the magnetic
field produced by the deflection coils in the yoke
 Monochrome CRT (continue)
Thus the electron beam is swept across the face of the picture tube in the interlaced
manner described earlier.
As the beam is being swept across the face of the tube to trace out the scene, the
intensity of the electron beam is varied by the luminance, which is applied to the
cathode or the control grid
By varying the grid voltage, the beam can be made stronger or weaker, thereby
varying the intensity of the light spot produced by the beam when it strikes the
phosphor.
 Color CRT

To produce color, the

inside of the picture tube
is coated with many tiny
red, green, and blue
phosphor dots arranged
in groups of three, called
triads.
Some tubes use a
pattern of red,
green, and blue
stripes.
 Color CRT

These dots or stripes are energized by three separate

cathodes and electron guns driven by the red, green, and
blue color signals.
A metallic plate with holes for each dot triad called a
shadow mask is located between the guns and the
phosphor dots to ensure that the correct beam strikes the
correct color dot.
By varying the intensity of the color beams, the dot triads
can be made to produce any color.
Signal transmission of Monochrome and Color
CRT
 Advantages of CRT

The CRT can easily increase the monitors brightness by

reflecting the light.
They produce more colors
The CRT monitors have lower price rate than the LCD display
or Plasma display.
The quality of the image displayed on a CRT is superior to the
LCD and Plasma monitors.
The contrast features of the cathode ray tube monitor are
considered highly excellent
 Disadvantages of CRT

They have a big back and take up space on desk.

The electromagnetic fields emitted by CRT monitors
constitute a health hazard to the functioning of living cells.
CRTs emit a small amount of X-ray band radiation which could
result in a health hazard.
Constant refreshing of CRT monitors can result in headache.
CRTs operate at very high voltage which can overheat
system or result in an implosion
TYPES OF TV
 OLED LCD

TYPES

Plasma
LED

HDTV
PLASMA
 PLASMA

Plasma screens are made of 2 sheets of glass with a mixtures of

gases stored between the layers
These gases are injected and sealed in plasma form during the
manufacturing process, hence the name Plasma TV.
When charged with electricity, the gases react and cause
illumination in the pixel across the screen.
Plasma, is superior to LCD & LED in terms of contrast and colour
accuracy.
Plasma is restricted to larger screens sizes, usually 40-inch +, due
to costs.
It is also used in the super-sized 80-inch+ screens as the plasma
screens are easier, and more cost effective, to produce over a
larger size
LCD LCD
 LCD

Liquid Crystal Display

Normally used in laptop computers
Special flat panel, that either blocks light or lets it pass
through
The panel is made up of segments with each block filled with
liquid crystals.
The colour and transparency of these blocks can be changed
by increasing or reducing the electrical current.
LCD crystals do not produce their own light, so an external
light source like a florescent bulb is needed to create an
image
LED
 LED
They are simply an updated version of the previous LCD
generation.
LED use the same technology as an LCD TV, but instead of being
illuminated by a florescent bulb from behind, they are lit by an
array of LEDs .
These are far more efficient and smaller in size.
LED is the most popular format of TV on the market now due to its
cost, size and versatility.
OLED

63
 OLED

OLED stands for Organic Light Emitting Diode

Uses organic materials like carbon to create light when
supplied directly by an electric current.
OLED TV doesnt require a backlight to illuminate the set
area.
OLED screens can be super thin and crucially, flexible.
The colours and contrasts are much better.
OLED is thinner, more flexible, faster at processing
images, creates deeper colours and more crisp in contrast.
It is however very expensive.
HDTV
 HDTV
HDTV system provides an image resolution that is substantially
higher than that of standard-definition television.
It has an aspect ratio of 16:9
Uses same 6MHz (19Mbps) bandwidth used by standard TV
Noise free pictures
HDTV may be transmitted in various formats:
1080p: 1920x1080p
1080i: 1920x1080i
720p: 1280x720p

i-interlaced format
 WQHD(Wide Quad High Definition)-

1440p: 2560x1440p
QFHD(Quad Full High Definition)-

2160p: 3840x2160p
UHDTV(Ultra High Definition/Super Hi-Vision)-

4320p
 TV SIGNAL

History of Television 68
 TV SIGNAL

It includes,
Sound information
Picture information
Color Information
Synchronizing Signal
It occupies a channel in the spectrum with a bandwidth of 6MHz
They are assigned to frequencies in VHF and UHF range
Audio signal
BW= 50 to 15KHz
Frequency Modulation is
used
Picture Signal
Includes
luminance signal (Y)
(4.2MHz, VSB AM)
Two Chrominance
signals (DSB-SC AM)
o I (Orange to Cyan
range, 1.5MHz,
more sensitive for
human eye, )
o Q (Green to Purple
range, 0.5MHz)
 SCANNING

Scanning is a technique that divides a frame into individual lines.

To create a picture, the scene is subdivided into many fine
horizontal lines called scan lines.
The greater the number of scan lines, the higher the resolution
and the greater the detail that can be observed.
TV camera converts these scan lines into electrical signal
The TV camera transmits 1V for black,
0V for white and voltage between (0-
1)V for different colors. These lines of
pulses collectively forms a video signal.

Scanning is achieved through two

methods:
Interlacing
Progressive
 INTERLACING

- doubles the perceived frame

rate of video without
consuming extra bandwidth
- Each signal consists of two
fields of a frame shot at two
different times i.e. scanning
of 2 fields in a second to
create one frame
- Reduces flicker that occurs
when changing frames
Problem
COMBING EFFECT occurs when displayed at slower speed than the
speed the frames are captured in
 PROGRESSIVE SCANNING

Each picture is scanned sequentially i.e. all the line

in a frame are scanned in a sequence.
Field rate = Frame rate
Motion appears smoother and realistic
 SYNC PULSES
Special horizontal and vertical sync pulses are added to and
transmitted with the video signal.
Between each scan lines, a horizontal blanking pulse is sent.
These sync pulses helps to keep receiver and transmitter at sync .
 TRANSMISSION
Luminance, Color(I &Q) and Audio signals are multiplexed for
transmission
For accurate recovery of color information, a sample of 8-12
cycles of 3.58MHz subcarrier (color burst) is added to a horizontal
sync and blanking pulse.
This sample signal is added to the composite video signal before
transmission. It is used to synchronize the video signal at the
receiver.
 TV RECEIVER

Tuner is used to select the channel which is to be viewed.

It consists of a local oscillator which is set to a frequency that
converts received signal to IF
IF for Audio signal : 41.25MHz , IF for Picture signal : 45.7MHz
SAW filter is used to pass both the IF signals which is then
amplified.
The amplified IF signal is sent to sound and video detectors
Sound detector separates the audio signal and feeds the signal
to an amplifier and then, to FM demodulator to retrieve audio
Video detector separates picture signals (Y , I & Q signals) and
feeds to an amplifier
The composite color signal is separated using a filter and fed to
two color-balanced demodulator
Color Burst signal is sent to phase detector and then sent to
oscillator to produce 3.58MHz signal with correct frequency and
phase.
The output from oscillator is fed to balanced demodulators to
recover I and Q signals
Y , I and Q signals are combined in linear mixer to produce R,G
and B color signals
 MPEG STANDARD

A set of standards for audio and video compression/transmission

MPEG-1
Designed to encode moving pictures and sound into bitrate of
CD
Coding progressive video at a transmission rate of about 1.5
million bits per second
Gave rise to MP3 audio compression format
MPEG-2
video and audio standards for broadcast-quality television
Supports interlacing and High definition at transmission rate
above 4 million bits per second
MPEG-4
Addresses speech and video synthesis, computer
visualization,etc
Supports web streaming
Provides users with wide range of interaction with
animated objects