MAP READING

Determining direction w/o a compass

AZIMUTH CIRCLE
 BACK AZIMUTH
RULE #1: IF THE AZIMUTH IS MORE THAN 180 DEGREES,
THEN SUBTRACT 180 DEGREES.

EXAMPLE: AZIMUTH 215 DEGREES

-180 DEGREES
BACK AZIMUTH 35 DEGREES

RULE #2: IF THE AZIMUTH IS LESS THAN 180 DEGREES ,

THEN ADD 180 DEGREES.

EXAMPLE: AZIMUTH 179 DEGREES

+180 DEGREES
BACK AZIMUTH 359 DEGREES

ELO H W221/OCT 03/VGT-4

 Bearing

Angle measures east or west from

north or south reference.
Cannot exceed 90 degrees or one-
quarter of a circle. One quarter of a
circle is known as quadrant.
 4TH QUADRANT CIRCLE
360o N

AZ TO BG AZ to BG
360o-Az=Bg N 45o E

BG TO AZ BG to AZ
360o-Bg=Az 45 Deg
o

270o W 90o E
AZ to BG AZ to BG
Az-180o=Bg 180o Az = Bg
BG to AZ BG to AZ
180o+Bg=Az 180o-Bg=Az

180o S
G-M ANGLE
EASTERLY
 GRID AZIMUTH
SMALLER THAN G-M ANGLE
WESTERLY