PROJECT MEMBERS:

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON PERFORMANCE,COMBUSTION AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PONGAMIA OIL BIODIESEL ON A CI ENGINE
BATCH NO :39

MOHAMED SHAFEEL.K(812413114130)
MOHAMED THARIK.A(812413114133)
SAFIQUR RAHMAN.A(812413114180)
SAFIULLAH SHERIFF.S.A(812413114181)

PROJECT GUIDE:
Mr.M.KIRUBAKARAN (Ph.d)
(ASST PROFESSER)
OBJECTIVE
To study the challenges on the production of higher oil yield from
pongamia oil and optimization of its conversion in to methyl ester
To investigate the performance, combustion and emission
characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with pongamia oil methyl ester
for the sustainable energy future
To study the challenges on the production of biodiesel from pongamia
oil
To study the biodiesel combustion characteristics on the C.I engine
OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION
Introduction
Literature Review
Process flow chart
Experimental Setup and Measurement
Experimental Investigation
Result and Discussion
Conclusion
References
INTRODUCTION
Recent survey on the world energy consumption highlights that a major
portion of the total energy consumed is derived from the combustion of
fossil fuels.
Unfortunately, the reserves of fossil fuels, specially the liquid fuels are not
unlimited.
Efforts are being made throughout the World to reduce the consumption of
liquid petroleum fuels wherever is possible.
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel which is produced from vegetable oil or
animal fat through a chemical process and can be used as either direct
substitute, extender or as an additive to fossil diesel fuel in compression
ignition engines
LITERATURE REVIEW
SNO JOURNAL TITLE OBJECTIVES CONCLUSION
NAME/AUTHOR
NAME/YEAR

1 Renewable and Prospects of Biodiesel yield of 99% is obtained from Biodiesel yield of 99% is obtained from
Sustainable Energy biodiesel from Pongamia oil by transesterification under the Pongamia oil by transesterification under
Reviews/ Pongamia in India molar ratio of 6:1 of alcohol to oil with Sodium the molar ratio of 6:1 of alcohol to oil
Gaurav Dwivedi, hydroxide as a catalyst of 0.5 vol% and operating with sodium hydroxide as a catalyst of
M.P. Sharma temperature of 60 C with time for production 0.5 vol% and operating temperature of
2014 process being 1 h. 60 C with time for production process is
1 h.

2 Ecotoxicology and Production The experiments are designed to determine the Pongamia biodiesel yield of 84% and
Environmental characterization effects of a catalyst in the biodiesel production 68% were obtained with KOH and NaOH
Safety and working processes. Pongamia pinnata oil was utilized to catalyst respectively in identical
M. Srinivasa Rao n, characteristics in produce the biodiesel by using catalysts namely production process conditions like
R.B. Anand DICI engine of KOH and NaOH reaction temperature 60 C, reaction time
2015. Pongamia 2 h, catalyst 1% by weight and methanol
biodiesel to oil molar ratio as 6:1.
3 BIOMASS AND Removal of free fatty The acid value was reduced 2 The high FFA 12.5 level of crude
BIOENERGY acids in Pongamia mg/KOH. The optimum conditions of KARANJA OIL can be reduced to less than
V. Sathya Selva Bala a, Pinnata (Karanja) oil esterification such as catalyst amount, 2 in solid acid ion exchange resins
K.V. Thiruvengadaravi using divinylbenzene- methanol to oil ratio, and reaction time catalyzed pretreatment process of
a
, P. Senthil Kumar b, styrene copolymer are chosen as 0.8% (w/w), 1:6 and 25 esterification at 60 C for 90 min. The first
M.P. Premkumar a, resins for biodiesel min for Amberlite IR 120 H and 1% step product having acid value 2 is used
Vaidyanathan Vinoth production (w/w), 1:6 and 25 min for Amberjet for final alkali catalyzed (1% (w/w) KOH)
kumar a, S. Subash 1200 H. This pretreatment reduces the transesterification with methanol to
sankar a, M. Hari complexity of the process and the produce biodiesel. This process gives a
Kumar a, S. Sivanesan production cost of biodiesel by maximum yield of 96% and 95% biodiesel
a,
* 2012 alkaline catalyzed transesterification. respectively for Amberlite IR 120 H and
Amberjet 1200 H pre-treated oil which has
comparable properties with diesel and are
within the ASTM standards.

4 Egyptian Journal of Investigation of Biodiesel from Pongamia oil is one of Results have shown that blending of
Petroleum Oxidation stability of the promising non edible sources in biodiesel with diesel with less than 20%
Gaurav Dwivedi, Pongamia India. But the main problem of using (v/v) would not need any antioxidants but
Mahendra Pal Sharma Biodiesel and its blends Pongamia biodiesel as fuel is its poor at the same time, need a large storage
2015 with diesel stability characteristics. This paper capacity.
investigates the methodology of
improving the stability characteristics
of Pongamia biodiesel by blending
with diesel and use of the antioxidant
Pyrogallol.
5 Ain Shams Engineering Effect of pongamia Biodiesel produced from pongamia oil has
Journal biodiesel on emission been considered as promising option for
K. Nantha Gopal and combustion diesel engines because of its environmental
characteristics of DI friendliness. . In this work, bio-diesel from
compression ignition pongamia oil is prepared (PME 100), tested
engine on a diesel engine for different blends such
as PME 20, PME 40, PME 60 and PME 80.
6 Energy Procedia 90 / A Review of Research The main focus area of this review is to
Ajeet Kumara, S.K. and Policy on Using discuss the reduction of major pollutants
Shuklab, J.V.Tierkeya,b,* Different Biodiesel oils like carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt
2016 as Fuel for C.I. Engine hydrocarbons (UHC), particulate matter
(PM) and effect of fatty acid composition
on performance and emission
characteristics. Biodiesel can be used as
fuel without modification in CI engine, it
means biodiesel replaces the diesel fuel.
The biodiesel obtained from saturated
feedstock shows low emission of NOx
Diesel engine can perform
satisfactorily with pongamia oil
methyl esters and their blends
without any engine modifications.
The combustion analysis showed that
the biodiesel added tothe
conventional diesel fuel decreased
the delay period and lowered the heat
release rate of the premixed
combustion.
Biodiesel obtained from saturated
feedstock produces less NOx and
also more resistive to oxidation. It is
highly viscous in nature so exhibit
poor atomization. Lower carbon
saturated esters produces more NOx
than higher carbon saturated esters.
So slightly on compromising the
performance characteristics of
biodiesel the animal fat may be the
better solution to reduce the NOx
emission.
PROCESS FLOW CHART
Collection of Pongamia
oil

Purification of oil by
water
wash

Acid value test

Esterification

Transesterification

Engine testing
METHODOLOGY
collection of pongamia oil
Purification of oil
Esterification Process
Transesterification Process
Water washing and Drying the biodiesel
WORK DONE:
COLLECTION OF PONGAMIA OIL
The Nine liter of pongamia oil purchased from oil shop.

RAW PONGAMIA OIL

OIL PURIFICATION PROCESS
WATER WASH METHOD
The take 250ml of raw pongamia oil is poured in seperating funnel
The 500ml of distilled water is heated in 50c then the distilled water is
poured in Seperating funnel then the seperating funnel is shake well.
The after one hour water,oil,Dust are sperated three layer. The water and
dust is removed oil is taken to next process. The water wash process is
done 4 to 5 times in all oil.
Finally the water washed oil is Filtered by whatman filter paper. Finally
the oil is get 150ml to 200ml.
 oil

sludge

distilled water

seperating funnel Oil after water wash

OIL BEFORE USING WHATMAN
FILTER PAPER
OIL IS FILTERED BY WHATMAN FILTER PAPER
OIL AFTER USING FILTER PAPER
OIL AFTER HEATING ABOVE 100C
CHECK THE FREE FATTY ACID
(FFA)VALUE:
ACID VALUE TESTING
It is defined as the weight of KOH in mg need to neutralize the organic acid present in 1g of
fat and it is a measure of the free fatty acid (FFA) present in the fat or oil. unit:mgKOH/g
FREE FATTY ACID
Free fatty acids are those long chain acids that are not conjugated or attached to anything
else.That is they are freeand not bound.
FATTY ACID
Fatty acids that are attached to for example glycerol are not longer considered free.They
can also be bound to proteins like albumin again making them not free because they are
bound hope this helps.
ACID VALUE TESTING PROCESS
In this step heated oil is taken to check the free fatty acid value.
The FFA value is <1 the oil is taken to transesterfication process.
If the value of FFA is >1 the oil is taken to esterfication process.
The Pongamia oil is value of FFA is 4.1 so the oil is taken to
esterfication process.
ACID VALUE TESTING PROCEDURE
STEP1:
0.33g of KOH (potassium hydroxide) pallet is taken in beaker.
50g of demineralised water is mixed.
Then poured in burette solution.
STEP2:
2g of oil+8.33ml of diethyl ether+16.67ml of ethanol+2drop of
indicator.
Taken in beaker or conical flask
Phenolphthalein indicator&KOH pallet Ethanol &diethyl ether Demineralised wat
CALCULTION:
ACID VALUE = 56.1*0.1*burette reading/oil in gm
=56.1*0.1*3/2.1
ACID VALUE =8.01
FATTY ACID VALUE=8.01/2
FATTY ACID VALUE=4
ESTERIFICATION
In order to eliminate saponification reaction (formation of soap when
FFA react with homogeneous base catalyst) pongamia oil can be
pretreated with acid catalyst, which esterifies free fatty acid to form
esters of free fatty acid (bio diesel).
But this reaction is slower than base catalyzed transesterification
reaction.
ESTERIFICATION PRO%CESS
The molecular weight of pongamia oil is 890g/mol.
The esterification process is done by two times of 1:15 ratio.
The 2 wt% of oil to methanol.
The molecular weight of methanol is 32g/mol.Take the 400g of filtered pongamia oil then 86.29g of methanol with 2g
of HCL .
The mixture is poured in three neck round bottom flask.
This mixture is stirred at 600 rpm.
The temperature is maintained at 55 to 60c.
This process is running at one hour.
The oil mixture is poured in seperating funnel. The rest time of seperation is 1 hour.
The methanol and oil is seperated in two layers.
The oil is get 436g methanol content is mixed with oil then the oil is taken to return water wash.
After water wash the oil is gained to 408g then it is taken heating process methanol is evaporated.
In this process same for all pongamia oil.
 STIRRING MOTOR

CONDENSER

STIRRING ROD

THREE NECK
FLASK

HEATING MANDLE

ESTERIFICATION SETUP
 METHANOL

OIL

OIL AFTER ESTERIFICATION

OIL BEFORE WATER WASH OIL AFTER WATER WASH
OIL AFTER HEATING ABOVE 100C
TRANSESTERIFICATION
Transesterification is a reversible reaction in which one ester is
converted into another (as by interchange of ester groups with an
alcohol in the presence of a base).
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Catalyst(NaOH) and methanol
 BIODIESEL

GLYCEROL

AFTER 5 MINS OF TRANSESTERIFICATION AFTER 10 HRS OF TRANSESTERIFICATION

BIODIESEL AFTER WATER WASH AND
YIELD CALCULATION FOR 30g OIL
BEFORE HEATING
27.5/30*100=91.6%

AFTER HEATING
25.6/30*100=85.3%
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Snchez M, Bergamin F, Pea E, Martnez M, Aracil J. A comparative study of the production of esters
from Jatropha oil using different short-chain alcohols:
optimization and characterization. Fuel 2015;143:1838.
Malins K, Kampars V, Kampare R, Prilucka J, Brinks J, Murnieks R, et al. Properties of rapeseed oil
fatty acid alkyl esters derived from different alcohols. Fuel 2014;137:2835.
Sun Y, Ponnusamy S, Muppaneni T, Reddy HK, Patil PD, Li C, et al. Optimization of high-energy
density biodiesel production from Camelina sativa oil under supercritical 1-butanol conditions. Fuel
2014;135:5229.
Sendzikiene E, Sinkuniene D, Kazanceva I, Kazancev K. Optimization of low quality rapeseed oil
transesterification with butanol by applying the response surface methodology. Renew Energy
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THANK YOU