BNP10202

CONSTRUTION
MATERIALS
CEMENT
BY : EN. AZMAN BIN JAAFAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
INTRODUCTION
Cement is a manufactured construction material and
widely used for structural constructions such as
buildings, bridges, tunnels, dams, factories,
pavement and etc.
It is an instant glue and capable to bond mineral
fragments into compact whole.
There are variety type of cements can be found in
the market.
Each type is manufactured under certain condition
depending on its special properties.
However today, Portland cement is the most
commonly used as mortar and concrete in
structural construction
Types of Cement

Natural Cement
Natural cements are powders obtained from
certain natural rocks (clayey limestone type)
which are quarried, crushed and processes.
Enough heat is required to dry off carbonic
acid gasses.
Besides, it is brown in colour and sets slowly
or quickly when mixed with water, depending
on the amount of clay in the limestone. The
strength is low and not used for concrete
work.
Types of Cement

Aluminous Cement
The chief ingredients of aluminous
cement are calcareous and aluminious
materials (limestone or chalk and
bauxite).
These are heated to a temperature of
1400oC and the whole mass is grinded
to powder form.
Types of Cement

Portland Cement
The hardening of
Portland cement is a
chemical process during
which heat is evolved.
Modified forms of
Portland based on
different ratio of four
main compositions are
made, to suit the
varying demands of
different kinds of
structural application
Portland Cement

Ordinary Portland Cement OPC

( BS 12 : 1971)
OPC has a medium rate of hardening
and is suitable for most type of work.
It is the one most commonly used for
structural purposes when the special
properties specified for other four types
of cement are not required.
 Rapid
Hardening Portland Cement
RHPC (BS 12 : 1971) sea water
RHPC hardens rather more rapidly than OPC.
It is similar in chemical composition to OPC
but the proportions of the various compounds
may be slightly different, and it is finely
ground.
Due to its finer grinding, it will increase the
rate of hydration at early ages, and this leads
to the increased rate of early hardening as
implied by the name.
 White
and Coloured Portland
Cement (BS 12 : 1971)
Generally used for decorative work.
It is made by using China clay in place of
ordinary clay to exclude impurities,
especially iron oxide and limestone.
Coloured cements are made by mixing
pigments with Portland cement
 LowHeat Portland Cement LHPC (BS
1370: 1974)-Damping area
LHPC hardens and evolves heat more slowly than
OPC. It has slightly different chemical composition.
It is obtained by increasing the proportion of C2S
and reducing C3S and C3A.
It thus hydrates more slowly and evolves heat less
rapidly than OPC.
The strength of LHPC is slow developed but the
ultimate strength is same.
However, the initial setting time is greater
than OPC.
 Portland Blustfurnace Cement -
PBC (BS 146: 1973)
Sulfate-Resisting Portland
Cement SRPC (BS 4027: 1972)
High Strength Portland Cement
HSPC
Masonry Cement (BS 5224:
1976)
High Alumina Cement
Testing of Cement

Setting
Vicat Set Time Apparatus
Setting time can be determined with the
Vicat apparatus.
The Vicat test requires sample of cement
using the amount of water required for
normal consistency according to a
specified procedure.
 Procedure:
The 1 mm (0.04in) diameter
needle is allowed to penetrate
the paste for 30 seconds and the
amount of penetration is
measured.
The penetration process is
repeated every 15 minutes until
a penetration of 25 mm (1in) or
less is obtained.
By interpolation, the time when a
penetration of 25 mm occurs is
determined and recorded as the
initial set time.
The final set time is when the
needle does notpenetrate visibly
into the paste.
 Gilmore Set Time Apparatus
The Gilmore requires a normal
consistency cement paste
sample. A pat with a flat top is
molded and the initial Gilmore
needle is applied lightly to its
surface.
The application surface is
repeated until the pat bears the
force of the needle without
appreciable indentation, and the
elapsed time is recorded as the
initial time.
This process is then repeated
with the final Gilmore needle
and the final set time is
recorded.
Soundness
Soundness of the cement paste refers to its
ability to retain its volume after setting.
Expansion after setting, caused by delayed or
slow hydration or reactions, could result if the
cement is unsound. The autoclave expansion
test is used to check the soundness of the
cement paste.
In this test, cement paste bars are subjected to
heat and high pressure, and the amound of
expansion is measure.
ASTM c150 limits autoclave expansion to 0.8%.
Compressive Strength
Compressive strength of mortar is measured by preparing
50mm (2in.) cubes and subjecting them to compression
according to ASTM C109. The mortar is prepared with
cement, water and standard sand (ASTM C778).
Minimum compressive strength values are specified by
ASTM C150 for different cement types at different ages.
The compressive strength of mortar cubes is proportional
to compressive strength of cylinders.
However, the compressive strength of the concrete
cannot be predicted accurately from mortar cube
strength, since the concrete strength is affected by
aggregate characteristics, the concrete mixing and the
construction procedures.
Manufacturing of
Cement
 VIDEO Cement, How it made.
THANK YOU