Petroleum Production

Jay-r Fabros
Gelli Joy Andrade

BY: GROUP V
Introduction

The oil and gas

industry is usually
divided into three
major sectors:
Upstream
Midstream
Downstream
Upstream

The upstream oil sector is also commonly known as the

exploration and production (E&P) sector
The upstream sector includes the searching for potential
underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas
fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently
drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the
crude oil and or raw natural gas to the surface
Most upstream work in the oil field or on an oil well is
contracted out to drilling contractors and oil field service
companies.
Midstream

Involves the transportation (by pipeline, rail, barge, oil

tanker or truck), storage and whole sale marketing of
crude or refined petroleum products.
Downstream

Refers to the refining of petroleum crude oil and the

processing and the purifying of raw natural gas, as
well as the marketing and distribution of products
derived from crude oil and natural gas.
Reaches consumers through products such as gasoline
or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil, heating oil, fuel
oils, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, natural gas and
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as well as hundreds of
petrochemicals.
Introduction

A complete oil or
gas production
system consists of
a reservoir, well,
flow line,
separators, pumps
and transportation
pipelines
Production stage

The most important stage of a

wells life; when the oil and
gas are produced.
By this time, the oil rigs and
workover rigs used to drill and
complete the well have moved
off the well bore and the top is
usually outfitted with a
collection of a Christmas tree
or production tree.
Production system

A reservoir is a porous and permeable underground

formation containing an individual bank of
hydrocarbons confined by impermeable rock or water
barriers and is characterized by a single natural
pressure system.
Hydrocarbon accumulations are classified as oil, gas
condensate and gas reservoirs.
Production system

The term separator in oil field terminology designates a

pressure vessel used for separating well fluids produced
from oil and gas wells into gaseous and liquid components.
A separator for petroleum production is a large vessel
designed to separate production fluids into their constituent
components of oil, gas and water.
Effective oil-gas separation is important not only to ensure
that the required export quality is achieved but also to
prevent problems in downstream process equipment and
compressor.
Production system
The production of water with oil continues to be a problem for
engineers and the oil producers.
Since 1865 when water was coproduced with hydrocarbons, it
has challenged and frustrated the industry on how to separate
the valuable from the disposable.
According to Rehm et al (1983), innovation over the years has
led from the skim pit to installation of the stock tank, to the gun
barrel, to the free water knockout, to the hay-packed coalesce,
and most recently to the Performax Matrix Plate Coalescer, an
enhanced gravity settling separator.
Today, oil fields produce greater quantities of water than they
produce oil.
Production system
Removal of oil from gas and water
Separation of oil from gas may begin as the fluid flows through the
producing formation into the well bore and may progressively
increase through the tubing, flow lines and surface handling
equipment.
Under certain conditions, the fluid may be completely separated
into liquid and gas before it reaches the oil and gas separator. In
such cases, the separator vessel affords only an enlargement to
permit gas to ascend to one outlet and liquid to descend to another
Difference in density of the liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons may
accomplish acceptable separation in an oil and gas separator
Mist extractor is also used to remove liquid mist from the gas before
it is discharge from the separator.
Production system

Oil and water are separated by a baffle at the end of the

separator, which is set at a height close to the oil-water
contact, allowing oil to spill over onto the other side while
trapping water on the near side
The two fluids can then be piped out of the separator from
their respective sides of the baffle.
The produced water is then either injected back into the
oil reservoir, disposed of or treated.
Production system
Transportation pipelines long pipe with large diameter
Pipeline transportation with the growth in oil and gas production and developed, has
become the main mode of transport onshore oil and gas transport pipeline in recent
years, solid materials, such as coal, ore pipeline transport, is also a great the
development of pipeline transport
Pipeline and Gas Journals worldwide survey figures indicate that 118,623 miles
(190,905km) of pipelines are planned and under construction. Of these, 88,976 miles
(143,193km) represent projects in the planning and design phase; 29,647 miles
(47,712km) reflect pipelines in various stages of construction. Liquids and gases are
transported in pipelines and any chemically stable substance can be sent through a
pipeline.Pipelines exist for the transport of crude and refined petroleum,fuels- such
as oil, natural gas and biofuels - and other fluids includingsewage,slurry,water,
andbeer. Pipelines are useful for transporting water fordrinkingorirrigationover long
distances when it needs to move overhills, or wherecanalsorchannelsare poor
choices due to considerations ofevaporation,pollution, or environmental
impact.Pneumatic tubesusing compressed air can be used to transport solid capsules.
 Oil pipelines are made fromsteelorplastictubes which are usually buried. The oil
is moved through the pipelines bypumpstations along the pipeline. Natural gas
(and similar gaseous fuels) are lightly pressurised into liquids known as Natural
Gas Liquids (NGLs). Natural gas pipelines are constructed ofcarbon steel. Highly
toxicammoniais theoretically the most dangerous substance to be transported
through long-distance pipelines, but accidents have been rare.Hydrogen pipeline
transportis the transportation of hydrogen through apipe.District
heatingorteleheatingsystems use a network ofinsulatedpipes which transport
heated water,pressurized hot wateror sometimessteamto the customer.
Pipelines conveying flammable or explosive material, such as natural gas or oil,
pose special safety concerns and there have been variousaccidents. Pipelines
can be the target ofvandalism,sabotage, or eventerrorist attacks. In war,
pipelines are often the target of military attacks.
Advantages :
1.Reduction in cost of transportation is very significant.
2. Supply through pipelines is very reliable. It is free from obstacles
in road and rail transport.
3. In case of underground pipelines, the land in which pipeline is laid
can still be used for agricultural use.
4. It ensures supply in remote areas where road ways are not very
good, also it provides safe and secure supply for defence needs.
Disadvantages :
1. Unlike roads no separate land acquisition is done for pipelines, sometimes it is
laid sidewise along the road. Which is not very convenient if it is passing through
dense populated areas. Also there is always a risk of damaging pipeline because
of road repair and other activities containing excavation.
2. Illegal pilferage and wastage due to leak is a problem in pipelines.
3. Like other big linear structures patrolling and maintenance of pipelines is a huge
task.
4. In case of chemicals and petroleum pipelines any leak can cause a accident.
5. In case of petroleum and minerals pipelines, as the pipeline is laid in private
owned lands also, compensation is decided by P&MP act 1962. Which contains
many points, which are obsolete and not feasible in modern time. Causing
problems to both land owners and companies laying pipelines.
Production system

Oil well is a boring in the Earth that is designed to

bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface.
Usually some natural gas is produced along with the
oil. A well that is designed to produce mainly or only
gas may be termed gas well.
Production system

Flow line ( Production Testing) a surface pipeline

carrying oil, gas or water that connects the wellhead
to a manifold or to production facilities, such as
heater-treater and separator.