Topic I.8.

Water Supply Networks:

Kinds, Structures and Design

Kinds of Water Supply Networks

I. According to the hydraulic connections

Branched
Looped (Gridiron)

II. According to the static head

arrangement
Non-stratified (Non-zone)
Stratified (Zone)

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 Kinds of Water Supply Networks

a. Branched b. Looped (Gridiron)

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 Kinds of Water Supply Networks

Zone Network with Steep Terrain

a - Gravity System - Pumping System
1 - minimal static head 2 - maximal static head (H < 60 m)

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 Zonal (Stratified) Network

a - Sequencing pumping zones feeding

- Combined gravity and pumping zones feeding
b - Two pumping groups
- Single pumping group
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Water Supply Networks Structures

Main Elements

Mains (Trunks)

Branches

Fittings

Valves

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 Mains (Trunks) Design
Basic Requirements

Main direction of the trunks must comply to the main water

distribution direction. For this equally loaded parallel trunks have
to be established at distance of about 300 - 600 m each to the other
The trunks along the main water distribution direction have to be
connected with intermediate trunks at distance of about 400 - 800
m each to the other
So designed trunks and the rings formed by them have to cover
uniformly the settlement, passing through the most dense
populated regions and by the big local consumers
The trunks permanent ways have to be located at the higher parts
of the settlements, which will insure uniform spatial distribution of
the water dynamic head
The trunks permanent ways have to consider the soil properties,
as well as the underground communications
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 Branches Design
Basic requirements
The distribution branches are laid out along any one of the streets in
the settlement in the way to deliver water with the shortest
permanent way from the nearest trunk to the consumers
At the streets broader than 16 m two parallel branches could be
install. If the branch diameter exceeds 300 mm, it is constructed as a
transit one and a parallel branch with smaller diameter distributes
water towards the attached consumers
Minimal slope of the branches is normally 0,1 %, or no less than
0,05 % at flat terrain
Stop valves have to be envisaged at the points of the trunks
branching and at the beginning and the end of every branch in the
way to allow distribution network rings to be isolated in a case of
emergency
Fire valves have to be envisaged, uniformly distributed on the water
supply network and at no more than 100 (150) m distance each to
the other
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Pipes, Fittings and Valves

Distribution Networks Pipes

Materials
Cast iron
Steel
Asbestos cement
Plastics - PE, PP, PVC

Pipes joints
Socket (muff, muffle)
Flange
Clutch (union)
Weld
Gluing
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 Pipes Joints

Cast iron socket

a - pipe longitudinal section - socket joint detail
1 - pipe cylindrical end 3 - resin rope
2 - pipe muff end 4 - plumb or asbestos-cement stuffing

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 Pipes Joints

Cast iron pipes sockets

a - socket joint - screw-socket joint
1 - pipe cylindrical end 3 - rubber gasket
2 - pipe muff end 4 - screw ring

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 Pipes Joints

Asbestos-cement pipes joints

a - Simplex type - Gibot type b - Flange type
1 - rubber gasket
2 - pipe

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 Fittings

Kinds of Fittings

T-fittings (with or without flanges)

Cross-fittings (with or without flanges)

Offsets (with or without flanges), 30o, 45o , 60o and 90o

Knees (Elbows) - with or without flanges, 45o and 90o

Reducing fittings (Confussors/Difussors) - with or without flanges

Duff flanges
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 Valves

Kinds of Valves

Stop (Gate) valves

Fire hydrants

Pressure reducing valves

Air valves

Blow off

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Valves

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